ReviewBMJ open diabetes research & care2024
Review of the direct and indirect effects of hyperglycemia on the HPA axis in T2DM and the co-occurrence of depression.
Review in BMJ open diabetes research & care, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unveiling the relationship of the comorbidity between depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a macro analysis and micro interpretation.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- The Gut Microbiota-Astrocyte Axis: New Insights into the Mechanisms of Comorbid Major Depressive Disorder in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Texas strength through resilience in diabetes education (TX STRIDE): Protocol for a non-randomized cluster-controlled trial among African American adults with type 2 diabetes.Contemporary clinical trials · 2026Article
- Association between the Glucose-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Mortality in Patients with Ischemic Stroke: Based on the MIMIC-IV Database.Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology · 2026Article
- Depression trajectory modifies the association between estimated glucose disposal rate and incident stroke: a prospective cohort study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Inflammation and treatment strategies for suicidal behavior.The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry · 2026Review
- The relationships between diabetic male infertility, diabetic cognitive impairment, and the neuroendocrine-immune network: A review.Medicine · 2026Review
- Pancreatic fat deposition as a mediator of adrenal gland volume and type 2 diabetes: evidence from MRI.BMC medical imaging · 2026Article
- Role of Sleep Disturbances and Diabetes-Related Distress on Glycemic Control: A Path Analysis.Research in nursing & health · 2026Article
- Association between CT-based adrenal gland volume and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk in patients with diabetes mellitus.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2026Article
- Insulin Resistance in Bipolar Disorder: A Real-World Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Article
- Burden and associated factors of depressive symptoms among older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural southeast Nigeria: a community-based cross-sectional study.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Orexin-1 and BDNF Receptor Genes are Associated with Increased Risk of Developing Postpartum Depression among Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.Public health genomics · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of interaction between type 2 diabetes and psychological disorders and therapeutic interventions: a narrative review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Mental vulnerability, family dysfunction, and digital exposure: Overlooked burdens in populations with noncommunicable chronic diseases.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Review
- The Impact of Diabetes Mellitus-Related Oxidative Stress on Male Fertility: A Review.Journal of diabetes · 2025Review
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Mood Disorders: A Psychiatric Perspective.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The optimal childbearing age and birth spacing in china: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Neurotransmitter Alterations in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia which is further associated with hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Several studies have shown that HPA axis hyperactivity is heightened in the chronic hyperglycemic state with severe hyperglycemic events more likely to result in a depressive disorder. The HPA axis is also regulated by the immune system. Upon stress, under homeostatic conditions, the immune system is activated via the sympatho-adrenal-medullary axis resulting in an immune response which secretes proinflammatory cytokines. These cytokines aid in the activation of the HPA axis during stress. However, in T2DM, where there is persistent hyperglycemia, the immune system is dysregulated resulting in the elevated concentrations of these cytokines. The HPA axis, already activated by the hyperglycemia, is further activated by the cytokines which all contribute to a diagnosis of depression in patients with T2DM. However, the onset of T2DM is often preceded by pre-diabetes, a reversible state of moderate hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Complications often seen in T2DM have been reported to begin in the pre-diabetic state. While the current management strategies have been shown to ameliorate the moderate hyperglycemic state and decrease the risk of developing T2DM, research is necessary for clinical studies to profile these direct effects of moderate hyperglycemia in pre-diabetes on the HPA axis and the indirect effects moderate hyperglycemia may have on the HPA axis by investigating the components of the immune system that play a role in regulating this pathway.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.