Evidence mapPaperPMID 38417132Full record

ArticleJournal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA2024

Metformin and the risks of cellulitis, foot infections, and amputation in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Yun-Kai Yeh, Fu-Shun Yen, James Cheng-Chung Wei, Kai-Chieh Hu, Teng-Shun Yu, Chih-Cheng Hsu, Chii-Min Hwu

Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
0.4field-weighted citation impact, top 40% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed, 1 citations in OpenAlex.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Yun-Kai YehSection of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
Fu-Shun YenDr. Yen's Clinic, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.
James Cheng-Chung WeiDepartment of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
Kai-Chieh HuManagement Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
Teng-Shun YuManagement Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
Chih-Cheng HsuInstitute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC.
Chii-Min HwuSection of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
China Medical University · TWTaipei Veterans General Hospital · TWChina Medical University Hospital · TW

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPatients with diabetes tend to have cellulitis, foot infections, and amputation. We conducted this research to compare the risks of cellulitis, foot infections, and amputation between metformin no-use and use in persons with type 2 diabetes.

methodsUsing propensity score matching, we identified 23 234 pairs of metformin nonusers and users from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan, since January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2017. Cox proportional hazards models were adopted to examine the risks of incident cellulitis, recurrent cellulitis, foot infections, and amputation between metformin use and no-use.

resultsThe mean follow-up period of metformin use and no-use was 6.31 (3.93) and 5.54 (3.97) years, respectively. Compared with metformin no-use, the adjusted hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval for metformin use in cellulitis development, recurrent cellulitis, foot infections, and amputation were 1.08 (1.04-1.12), 1.33 (1.14-1.55), 1.91 (1.75-2.09), and 1.88 (1.35-2.62), respectively. The longer cumulative duration of metformin usage had association with higher risks of these outcomes than metformin no-use.

conclusionThis population-based cohort study revealed that metformin use had association with significantly higher risks of incident cellulitis, recurrent cellulitis, foot infections, and amputation than metformin no-use in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2MetforminAmputation, SurgicalCellulitisCohort StudiesHumansHypoglycemic AgentsIncidenceProportional Hazards ModelsRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsTaiwanHypoglycemic AgentsMetformin

Identifiers

PMID38417132
PMCPMC12718919
OpenAlexW4392229629

What Socratic holds

Texttitle and abstract
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.