SynthesisJournal of the National Cancer Institute2024
The unique risk factor profile of triple-negative breast cancer: a comprehensive meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations of breastfeeding with maternal and child health outcomes: umbrella review.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- EIF3H Modulates Glycolysis Through LDHA Stabilization in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Cancers · 2026Article
- Natural Products as Modulators of the DNA Damage Response and Oncogenic Signaling in Breast Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Advances in the design and discovery of small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors for breast cancer.RSC advances · 2026Review
- Impact of Age on Use of Neoadjuvant Chemoimmunotherapy and Outcomes for Patients with Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Annals of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- SPDEF downregulation promotes tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Bioactive Natural Compounds in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Perspectives.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Insulin resistance as a modifiable contributor to breast cancer: mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic implications.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Combined Photothermal and mTOR-Targeted Therapy Overcomes Immune Evasion and Enhances Checkpoint Blockade Efficacy in Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Triple-negative breast cancer, pregnancy, and HLA alloreactivity: a cause for concern?Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Overcoming Therapeutic Resistance in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Targeting the Undrugged Kinome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Secosteroid-2-Pyrazoline Hybrids: Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Development of Therapeutic Combinations Against ERα-Positive Breast Cancer Cells.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Fucosylated N-Glycan Landscape of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Molecular cancer research : MCR · 2025Article
- Insights into the molecular and genetic role of obesity in breast cancer pathogenesis.Cancer biology & therapy · 2025Review
- Association of reproductive and menstrual factors with the risk of breast cancer in women: a population-based study.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Antibody-drug conjugates in triple-negative breast cancer (2010-2024): a bibliometric analysis of global trends and clinical translation.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Long-Term Breastfeeding: Protective Effects Against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and the Role of the Breast Microbiota.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- M1 Macrophage Extracellular Vesicles and TLR3 Agonist Nanoparticles Down-Regulate Immunosuppression and Metastasis via AKT/TAM in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Molecular carcinogenesis · 2025Article
- Article
- Stage at diagnosis and tumor characteristics among young women and men with breast cancer, in Ethiopia and Sweden, a descriptive cross-sectional study.BMC cancer · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a poor prognosis compared with other breast cancer subtypes. This systematic review and meta-analysis examines whether known risk factors for breast cancer are also associated with TNBC in adult women.
methodsEMBASE, Medline, SCOPUS, and gray literature were queried with no limit on the date or language of publication. The exposures of interest included parity, breastfeeding, duration of breastfeeding, age at menarche, age at first live birth, oral contraceptive (OC) use, duration of OC use, use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), family history, body mass index (BMI), alcohol use, smoking, and breast density. The main outcome of interest was TNBC. Study quality was determined using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for case control studies and cohort studies. We estimated weighted odds ratios from random effects models to study the exposure-outcome associations. Protocol was registered under the number: PROSPERO 2021 CRD42021254594.
resultsThirty-three studies were included. Family history, longer duration of OC use, and higher breast density were significantly associated with increased risk for TNBC, whereas later age at menarche, later age at first birth, and breastfeeding were protective against TNBC. Parity, MHT, alcohol, smoking, and BMI were not significantly associated with TNBC overall, but higher parity was associated with higher risk among Black women.
conclusionOur findings highlight that TNBC has a distinct risk factor profile compared with overall breast cancer. This can be the foundational work in identification of actionable TNBC risk factors to improve prevention and early detection of these poor prognosis breast tumors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.