ArticleBMJ open2024
Determinants of iron-rich food deficiency among children under 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa: a comprehensive analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys.
Article in BMJ open, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessment of Nutritional and Nonnutritional Correlates of Anemia in Pregnancy: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study for Public Health Interventions in the Bono East Region of Ghana.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Iron-Rich Food Consumption and Predictors Among Children Aged 6 to 23 Months in Ethiopia: A Frequentist and Bayesian Hierarchical Approach.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Iron Deficiency Diagnosis in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges, Barriers, and Opportunities.Anemia · 2026Review
- Article
- Iron-rich foods consumption and its associated factors among children aged 6-23 months in South and Southeast Asia: a multilevel analysis of demographic and health surveys.Public health nutrition · 2025Article
- The Effectiveness of Nutritional Interventions on Maternal and Childhood Anaemia in Sindh, Pakistan.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Early Childhood Anemia in Ghana: Prevalence and Predictors Using Machine Learning Techniques.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Iron-rich food consumption and predictors among children aged 6-59 months old in Ethiopia using 2005-2016 national representative data.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among under-five children living in Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance System Sites (HDSS), Southern Ethiopia.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIron deficiency is a major public health problem that affects the physical and cognitive development of children under 5 years of age (under-5 children) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, the factors associated with the limited consumption of iron-rich foods in the region are poorly understood.
objectiveThis study examined the prevalence and determinants of iron-rich food deficiency among under-5 children in 26 SSA countries.
designThis nationally representative quantitative study employed pooled data from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 2010 and 2019.
methodsRepresentative samples comprising 296 850 under-5 children from the various countries were used. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the associations between the lack of iron-rich food uptake and various sociodemographic factors.
resultThe overall prevalence of iron-rich food deficiency among the children in the entire sample was 56.75%. The prevalence of iron-rich food deficiency varied widely across the 26 countries, ranging from 42.76% in Congo Democratic Republic to 77.50% in Guinea. Maternal education, particularly primary education (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.68) and higher education (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.64), demonstrated a reduced likelihood of iron-rich food deficiency in the sample. Likewise, paternal education, with both primary education (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.75) and higher education (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.73) showed decreased odds of iron-rich food deficiency. Postnatal visits contributed significantly to reducing the odds of iron-rich food deficiency (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.95), along with antenatal visits, which also had a positive impact (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.95). Finally, residents in rural areas showed slightly higher odds of iron-rich food deficiency (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.28).
conclusionBased on the findings, interventions targeting iron-food deficiency in the SSA region should take into strong consideration the key determinants highlighted in this study.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.