Observational studyJAMA2024
ADHD Pharmacotherapy and Mortality in Individuals With ADHD.
Observational study in JAMA, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A multi-cohort assessment of the polygenic prediction in ADHD treatment response.Psychiatry research · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in homeless children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Dialogues in clinical neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Benefits and harms of ADHD interventions: umbrella review and platform for shared decision making.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2025Pooled it
- Longitudinal Suicide Risk in Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Integrated cognitive-motor exercise for core symptoms and executive functions in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized clinical trial.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2026Trial
- Perception of ADHD and Compliance in Relation to ADHD Medication.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and premature mortality: A narrative review of the literature.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Review
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and HIV: implications for risk, outcomes, and care for neurodivergent people.Topics in antiviral medicine · 2026Review
- Review
- Child and adolescent psychiatry: challenges, solutions, opportunities, and future directions.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2026Article
- Prescription psychostimulants or atomoxetine and the risk of stimulant-related hospital admissions in adults with and without stimulant use disorder: a Swedish population-based within-individual observational study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Prescription stimulant consumption in the United States compared with 35 other countries.Health affairs scholar · 2026Article
- Guanfacine as a Treatment Option for Persistent Mental Restlessness and Deliberate Self-harm Thoughts in a Patient with Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Case Report.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Hybrid Vi+ECNN framework for advanced ADHD diagnostic accuracy in medical imaging.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Medication Adherence in Children and Adults Receiving Treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Sweden: A Nationwide Study.Journal of attention disorders · 2026Article
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Self-harm in Chinese Children and Adolescents: A Mediation by Resilience.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Severe self-limiting acute bilateral hearing loss following a low dose of methylphenidate for ADHD treatment: A case report.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Patterns and Association With Clinical Outcomes in Adolescents and Young Adults with Co-occurring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Substance Use Disorder: A Retrospective Analysis.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Self-Reported Diagnoses of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among Post-secondary Students in the U.S.: A Narrative Review.Current psychiatry reports · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Importance: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with increased risks of adverse health outcomes including premature death, but it is unclear whether ADHD pharmacotherapy influences the mortality risk. Objective: To investigate whether initiation of ADHD pharmacotherapy was associated with reduced mortality risk in individuals with ADHD. Design, Setting, and Participants: In an observational nationwide cohort study in Sweden applying the target trial emulation framework, we identified individuals aged 6 through 64 years with an incident diagnosis of ADHD from 2007 through 2018 and no ADHD medication dispensation prior to diagnosis. Follow-up started from ADHD diagnosis until death, emigration, 2 years after ADHD diagnosis, or December 31, 2020, whichever came first. Exposures: ADHD medication initiation was defined as dispensing of medication within 3 months of diagnosis. Main Outcomes and Measures: We assessed all-cause mortality within 2 years of ADHD diagnosis, as well as natural-cause (eg, physical conditions) and unnatural-cause mortality (eg, unintentional injuries, suicide, and accidental poisonings). Results: Of 148 578 individuals with ADHD (61 356 females [41.3%]), 84 204 (56.7%) initiated ADHD medication. The median age at diagnosis was 17.4 years (IQR, 11.6-29.1 years). The 2-year mortality risk was lower in the initiation treatment strategy group (39.1 per 10 000 individuals) than in the noninitiation treatment strategy group (48.1 per 10 000 individuals), with a risk difference of -8.9 per 10 000 individuals (95% CI, -17.3 to -0.6). ADHD medication initiation was associated with significantly lower rate of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.79; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.88) and unnatural-cause mortality (2-year mortality risk, 25.9 per 10 000 individuals vs 33.3 per 10 000 individuals; risk difference, -7.4 per 10 000 individuals; 95% CI, -14.2 to -0.5; HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.86), but not natural-cause mortality (2-year mortality risk, 13.1 per 10 000 individuals vs 14.7 per 10 000 individuals; risk difference, -1.6 per 10 000 individuals; 95% CI, -6.4 to 3.2; HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.05). Conclusions and Relevance: Among individuals diagnosed with ADHD, medication initiation was associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality, particularly for death due to unnatural causes.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.