Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38565913›Full record

ReviewNature reviews. Drug discovery2024

The landscape of small-molecule prodrugs.

Zachary Fralish, Ashley Chen, Shaharyar Khan, Pei Zhou, Daniel Reker

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Nature reviews. Drug discovery, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
59citing papers in PubMed
37.9field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

59 citing papers in PubMed, 105 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
  2. Soft drugs: design principles and topical applications.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026
    Review
  3. Nitro Reduction-Based RNA Control and Ultrafast Release.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Zachary FralishDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6293-1730
Ashley ChenDepartment of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Shaharyar KhanRivus Pharmaceuticals, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Pei ZhouDepartment of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7823-3416
Daniel RekerDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. daniel.reker@duke.edu.ORCID 0000-0003-4789-7380
Duke University · US

Funding

Discovery and validation of broadly effective LpxH inhibitors as novel therapeutics against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative pathogensR01AI139216 · NIAID · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI ZHOU, PEI · 2019 to 2022
$1.9M
IND-enabling studies of the potent LpxC inhibitor LPC-233 as a novel antibiotic against Gram-negative pathogensR44AI152896 · NIAID · VALANBIO THERAPEUTICS, INC. · PI DUNCAN, CLAYTON · 2020 to 2021
$1.6M
Designing Personalized Formulations with Machine LearningR35GM151255 · NIGMS · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI Daniel Reker · 2023 to 2026
$1.4M
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI139216NIAID NIH HHS R44 AI152896
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Prodrugs are derivatives with superior properties compared with the parent active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), which undergo biotransformation after administration to generate the API in situ. Although sharing this general characteristic, prodrugs encompass a wide range of different chemical structures, therapeutic indications and properties. Here we provide the first holistic analysis of the current landscape of approved prodrugs using cheminformatics and data science approaches to reveal trends in prodrug development. We highlight rationales that underlie prodrug design, their indications, mechanisms of API release, the chemistry of promoieties added to APIs to form prodrugs and the market impact of prodrugs. On the basis of this analysis, we discuss strengths and limitations of current prodrug approaches and suggest areas for future development.

Indexed as

ProdrugsAnimalsDrug DesignDrug DevelopmentHumansProdrugs

Identifiers

PMID38565913
OpenAlexW4393555084

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.