ArticlePloS one2024
Decreased odds of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation with higher education, depending on sex and employment status.
Article in PloS one, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Two-week prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation among first-visit general-hospital psychiatric outpatients: a cross-sectional study using the PHQ-9 and EPQ.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Gender, Living Conditions, and Family Support Associated with Depression Status among Adolescents in Semarang, Indonesia.Clinical practice and epidemiology in mental health : CP & EMH · 2026Article
- Prevalence of and factors associated with depressive symptoms among the working population in Thimphu, Bhutan: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2026Article
- Optimizing Suicide Risk Prediction in Korea: A Comparison of Model Performance Using Resampling Methods and Machine Learning Algorithms.Psychiatry investigation · 2025Article
- Estimating the prevalence, socioeconomic determinants, and health seeking behavior of individuals with depression in Ghana.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Depression and health literacy among adolescents and adults in Germany: findings from two representative samples.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHigher education is associated with reduced depressive symptoms and requires investment without guaranteed employment. It remains unclear how sex and employment status together contribute to the association between mental health and educational attainment. This study investigated the role of sex and employment status together in the associations of 1) depressive symptoms and 2) suicidal ideation with education.
methodsUsing 2005-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, cross-sectional analyses were conducted on individuals ≥20 years who completed the depression questionnaire and reported their employment status and highest level of education. Survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression models were used to explore how depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation are associated with educational attainment in an analysis stratified by sex and employment status. To account for multiple testing, a significance level of a < 0.01 was used.
resultsParticipants (n = 23,669) had a weighted mean age of 43.25 (SD = 13.97) years and 47% were female. Employed females (aOR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.32, 0.69), unemployed females (aOR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.29, 0.75), and unemployed males (aOR = 0.31, 95% CI 0.17, 0.56) with college education had reduced odds of depressive symptoms compared to those with high school education. Employed females with college education also had reduced suicidal ideation odds compared to those with high school education (aOR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.22, 0.76).
conclusionsFemales demonstrated significant associations between depressive symptoms and education, regardless of employment status, whereas males demonstrated an association only if unemployed. Employed females, in particular, demonstrated a significant association between suicidal ideation and education. These findings may inform future research investigating the underlying mechanisms and etiology of these sex-employment status differences in the association between mental health and education.
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