ArticleDiabetes care2024
Association Between Treatment Adherence and Continuous Glucose Monitoring Outcomes in People With Diabetes Using Smart Insulin Pens in a Real-World Setting.
Article in Diabetes care, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- [Diabetes technology (Update 2026)].Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2026Guideline
- Harnessing Machine Learning, a Subset of Artificial Intelligence, for Early Detection and Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Insulin pens and the digital ecosystem.Diabetologia · 2026Review
- Article
- Insulin Injection Behaviors and Association with Glycemic Outcomes in Patients with Diabetes: A Real-World Survey in Spain.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2026Article
- Frequency of Key Type 1 Diabetes Self-Care Behaviours Are Associated With Psychological Flexibility, Distress and Glycaemic Outcome.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of the Stage 4 Smart Insulin Pen DIA:CONN P8 for Glycemic Control in a Real-World Setting.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2026Article
- Glycaemic benefits of smart insulin pens in socioeconomically deprived individuals: a single-Centre study.Irish journal of medical science · 2026Observational
- 7. Diabetes Technology: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026.Diabetes care · 2026Review
- Improvement in insulin injection timing and glucometrics using a connected insulin cap: theFrontiers in endocrinology · 2026Observational
- Insights into the effective use of the Smart MDI system: Data from the first 1852 type 1 diabetes users.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2025Article
- Contributions of intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring frequency and bolus insulin dosing on time in range: Analysis of data from CGM and connected insulin pens.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Article
- Glycaemic control after connected insulin pen initiation in people living with diabetes: Results from a real-world setting.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Observational
- Inconvenience, lifestyle flexibility, glycemic control, and satisfaction with insulin treatment among patients with diabetes mellitus in palestine: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Digital health technologies/interventions in smart ward development for elderly patients with diabetes: A perspective from China and beyond.World journal of diabetes · 2025Review
- 7. Diabetes Technology: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025.Diabetes care · 2025Review
- Artificial Intelligence to Diagnose Complications of Diabetes.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2025Review
- Nocturnal Glucose Profile According to Timing of Dinner Rapid Insulin and Basal and Rapid Insulin Type: AnBiomedicines · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate the association of insulin injection adherence, smart insulin pen engagement, and glycemic control using real-world data from 16 countries from adults self-administering basal insulin degludec and bolus insulin with a smart insulin pen (NovoPen 6 or NovoPen Echo Plus) alongside continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsData were aggregated over 14-day periods. Treatment adherence was defined according to the number of missed basal and missed bolus insulin doses and smart pen engagement according to the number of days with data uploads.
resultsData from 3,945 adults, including 25,157 14-day periods with ≥70% CGM coverage, were analyzed. On average, 0.2 basal and 6.0 bolus insulin doses were missed over 14 days. The estimated probability of missing at least one basal insulin dose over a 14-day period was 17.6% (95% CI 16.5, 18.7). Missing one basal or bolus insulin dose per 14 days was associated with a significant decrease in percentage of time with glucose levels in range (TIR) (3.9-10.0 mmol/L), of -2.8% (95% CI -3.7, -1.8) and -1.7% (-1.8, -1.6), respectively; therefore, missing two basal or four bolus doses would decrease TIR by >5%. Smart pen engagement was associated positively with glycemic outcomes.
conclusionsThis combined analysis of real-world smart pen and CGM data showed that missing two basal or four bolus insulin doses over a 14-day period would be associated with a clinically relevant decrease in TIR. Smart insulin pens provide valuable insights into treatment injection behaviors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.