Trial reportAnnals of the rheumatic diseases2024
Type I interferon blockade with anifrolumab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus modulates key immunopathological pathways in a gene expression and proteomic analysis of two phase 3 trials.
Trial report in Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomarker-stratified efficacy and safety of biologics in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lupus science & medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Application of multi-omics in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a bibliometric and visualization analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Anifrolumab Treatment Leads to Rapid Reduction in Urinary Biomarkers of Intrarenal Inflammation in Lupus Nephritis: Results From the Phase 2 Randomized Trial.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Trial
- Pharmacodynamic Effects of Litifilimab in Lupus in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Study: Rapid and Sustained Reductions in Type I Interferon-Associated Gene Expression and Cytokines.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Inflammasome-Interferon Convergence in Elite HIV Controllers and Autoimmune Diseases: A Critical Integrative Reflection.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Observational
- Anti-Type I Interferon Autoantibodies in COVID-19 and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Comparative Review.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Long-Term Anifrolumab Treatment Normalizes Hematologic Parameters and Several Serologic Markers in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.ACR open rheumatology · 2026Article
- From pathogenesis to precision medicine in systemic lupus erythematosus: Emerging biomarkers and targeted interventions.iScience · 2026Review
- A transcriptional patient map of systemic lupus erythematosus reveals disease-related multicellular immune programs conserved between blood and kidney.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Type I interferon drives T cell responses to amyloid beta in the central nervous system.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A Novel Drug Delivery System for the Treatment of Lupus Nephritis: From Delivery System Design and Optimization to Treatment.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Review
- Neutrophils as critical orchestrators of chronic inflammation.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Review
- [Interferon scores in the management of rheumatic systemic diseases].Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie · 2026Review
- Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in systemic and cutaneous lupus erythematosus: an evolving understanding.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Therapeutic Approaches for Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: a Changing Landscape of Clinical Trials.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Taming autoimmune thyroiditis: cellular immunomodulation through MSCs, Tregs, and tolDCs.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors at 7 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionAnifrolumab is a type I interferon (IFN) receptor 1 (IFNAR1) blocking antibody approved for treating patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we investigated the immunomodulatory mechanisms of anifrolumab using longitudinal transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of the 52-week, randomised, phase 3 TULIP-1 and TULIP-2 trials.
methodsPatients with moderate to severe SLE were enrolled in TULIP-1 and TULIP-2 and received intravenous anifrolumab or placebo alongside standard therapy. Whole-blood expression of 18 017 genes using genome-wide RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) (pooled TULIP; anifrolumab, n=244; placebo, n=258) and 184 plasma proteins using Olink and Simoa panels (TULIP-1; anifrolumab, n=124; placebo, n=132) were analysed. We compared treatment groups via gene set enrichment analysis using MetaBase pathway analysis, blood transcriptome modules, in silico deconvolution of RNA-seq and longitudinal linear mixed effect models for gene counts and protein levels.
resultsCompared with placebo, anifrolumab modulated >2000 genes by week 24, with overlapping results at week 52, and 41 proteins by week 52. IFNAR1 blockade with anifrolumab downregulated multiple type I and II IFN-induced gene modules/pathways and type III IFN-λ protein levels, and impacted apoptosis-associated and neutrophil extracellular traps-(NET)osis-associated transcriptional pathways, innate cell activating chemokines and receptors, proinflammatory cytokines and B-cell activating cytokines. In silico deconvolution of RNA-seq data indicated an increase from baseline of mucosal-associated invariant and γδT cells and a decrease of monocytes following anifrolumab treatment. DISCUSSION: Type I IFN blockade with anifrolumab modulated multiple inflammatory pathways downstream of type I IFN signalling, including apoptotic, innate and adaptive mechanisms that play key roles in SLE immunopathogenesis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.