ArticleFrontiers in immunology2024
Clinical and immunologic features of co-infection in COVID-19 patients, along with potential traditional Chinese medicine treatments.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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4 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex and age are associated with host immune responses and multi-organ dysfunction in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Radiotherapy for large ruptured hemorrhagic axillary lymph node metastasis from anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive lung adenocarcinoma: A case report and review of literature.World journal of clinical oncology · 2025Article
- Reactivation of Latent Tuberculosis Following COVID-19 and Epstein-Barr Virus Coinfection: A Case Report.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Clinical and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with COVID-19 in Southwest China.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: With the increasing number of people worldwide infected with SARS-CoV-2, the likelihood of co-infection and/or comorbidities is rising. The impact of these co-infections on the patient's immune system remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the immunological characteristics of secondary infections in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and preliminarily predict potential therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine and their derivatives for the treatment of co-infections. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we included 131 hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, of whom there were 64 mild and 67 severe cases. We analyzed clinical characteristics and immunologic data, including circulating immune cell numbers, levels of inflammatory factors and viral load, comparing COVID-19 patients with and without co-infection. Results: Among 131 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, 41 (31.3%) were co-infection positive, with 33 (80.5%) having severe disease and 14 (34.1%) of them resulting in fatalities. Co-infected patients exhibited significantly higher severity and mortality rates compared to non-co-infected counterparts. Co-infected patients had significantly lower absolute counts of lymphocytes, total T lymphocytes, CD4 Conclusion: Co-infection emerges as a dangerous factor for COVID-19 patients, elevating the risk of severe pneumonia and mortality. Co-infection suppresses the host's immune response by reducing the number of lymphocytes and increasing inflammation, thereby diminishing the antiviral and anti-infective effects of the immune system, which promotes the severity of the disease. Therefore, it is crucial to implement infection prevention measures to minimize the spread of co-infections among COVID-19 hospitalized patients. Additionally, changes in these biomarkers provide a theoretical basis for the effective treatment of co-infections with traditional Chinese medicine.
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