ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2024
Xylazine does not enhance fentanyl reinforcement in rats: A behavioral economic analysis.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Xylazine reduces methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in rats through κ-opioid and α2-adrenoceptor mechanisms.Neuroscience letters · 2026Article
- Xylazine-induced diuresis in rats is attenuated by κ-opioid receptor and α2-adrenoceptor antagonists.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Review
- Effects of nonpharmacological manipulations and repeated xanomeline treatment on methamphetamine-vs-food choice in Sprague Dawley and Long Evans rats.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Does Kappa Agonism Improve Reversal of 'Tranq-Dope' Overdose? Evidence from a Rodent Model.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Preclinical abuse potential testing using behavioral economics and drug self-administration demand-curve analysis: A strategy to improve resolution of drug stratification for regulatory control.Pharmacological reviews · 2026Review
- Reinforcing effects of fentanyl/xylazine mixtures in monkeys responding under a food-versus-drug choice procedure.Behavioural pharmacology · 2026Article
- Individual differences in behavioral effects of xylazine and opioid-xylazine mixtures in male rats.Psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Fixed-proportion mixtures with the α2-adrenergic agonist clonidine or lofexidine do not alter fentanyl self-administration in non-opioid-dependent male and female rats.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2025Article
- Interactions between cardiorespiratory effects of fentanyl and xylazine and their reversal in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2025Article
- A case against purity: prioritizing translational polysubstance use research.Current opinion in psychiatry · 2025Review
- Antagonism of the antinociceptive effects of fentanyl and the veterinary anesthetic xylazine in mice.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The adulteration of illicit fentanyl with the alpha-2 agonist xylazine has been designated an emerging public health threat. The clinical rationale for combining fentanyl with xylazine is currently unclear, and the inability to study fentanyl/xylazine interactions in humans warrants the need for preclinical research. We studied fentanyl and xylazine pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions in male and female rats using drug self-administration behavioral economic methods. Fentanyl, but not xylazine, functioned as a reinforcer under both fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio drug self-administration procedures. Xylazine combined with fentanyl at three fixed dose-proportion mixtures did not significantly alter fentanyl reinforcement as measured using behavioral economic analyses. Xylazine produced a proportion-dependent decrease in the behavioral economic Q
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.