Trial reportEuropean journal of nutrition2024
Glycemic response to meals with a high glycemic index differs between morning and evening: a randomized cross-over controlled trial among students with early or late chronotype.
Trial report in European journal of nutrition, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Controlled Nutrition Trial on the Glycaemic Response to Morning and Evening Meals With High Glycemic Index Carbohydrates Among Students With Early and Late Chronotypes-The ChroNu Study
GlyCoBrain Observation - Breakfast Habits Among Students With Early and Late Chronotype
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of morning or evening fasted cycling on gastrointestinal function and appetite and metabolic responses in healthy males with overweight.Experimental physiology · 2025Trial
- Circadian distribution of carbohydrate intake during adolescence and association with risk markers of type 2 diabetes in adulthood-the role of chronotype.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Plausible Obesity-Related Chronometabolic and Nutrigenetic Nexus Concerning Dinner Glycemic Index and theBiomolecules · 2026Article
- Postprandial Glycemic Impact of Meal Timing and Staple Type in Outpatients with Dysglycemia: A Pilot Study Under a Streamlined and Real-World Framework.International journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- Temporal Patterns of Eating and Diet Composition of Night Shift Workers Are Influenced More by Shift Type than by Chronotype.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Morning clock gene expression in young adults of early and late chronotypes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Circadian and temporal eating patterns in relation to metabolic syndrome in Iranian women.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Cross-sectional associations between meal timing patterns and diet quality indices in Iranian women.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Biological vs. Chronological Overnight Fasting: Influence of Last Evening Meal on Morning Glucose in Dysglycemia.Nutrients · 2025Article
- From meal to malfunction: exploring molecular pathways, biomarkers and interventions in postprandial cardiometabolic health.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeGlycemic response to the same meal depends on daytime and alignment of consumption with the inner clock, which has not been examined by individual chronotype yet. This study examined whether the 2-h postprandial and 24-h glycemic response to a meal with high glycemic index (GI) differ when consumed early or late in the day among students with early or late chronotype.
methodsFrom a screening of 327 students aged 18-25 years, those with early (n = 22) or late (n = 23) chronotype participated in a 7-day randomized controlled cross-over intervention study. After a 3-day observational phase, standardized meals were provided on run-in/washout (days 4 and 6) and intervention (days 5 and 7), on which participants received a high GI meal (GI = 72) in the morning (7 a.m.) or in the evening (8 p.m.). All other meals had a medium GI. Continuous glucose monitoring was used to measure 2-h postprandial and 24-h glycemic responses and their variability.
resultsAmong students with early chronotype 2-h postprandial glucose responses to the high GI meal were higher in the evening than in the morning (iAUC: 234 (± 92) vs. 195 (± 91) (mmol/L) × min, p = 0.042). Likewise, mean and lowest 2-h postprandial glucose values were higher when the high GI meal was consumed in the evening (p < 0.001; p = 0.017). 24-h glycemic responses were similar irrespective of meal time. Participants with late chronotype consuming a high GI meal in the morning or evening showed similar 2-h postprandial (iAUC: 211 (± 110) vs. 207 (± 95) (mmol/L) × min, p = 0.9) and 24-h glycemic responses at both daytimes.
conclusionsDiurnal differences in response to a high GI meal are confined to those young adults with early chronotype, whilst those with a late chronotype seem vulnerable to both very early and late high GI meals. Registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04298645; 22/01/2020).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.