ArticleCells2024
Sex Dependent Disparities in the Central Innate Immune Response after Moderate Spinal Cord Contusion in Rat.
Article in Cells, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sexual Dimorphism in Spinal Cord Injury: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Translation.Neuromolecular medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Sex differences in peripheral and local immune responses following spinal cord injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in patient mortality after traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Brain & spine · 2026Review
- Unbiased quantification of persistent postural and motor deficits following spinal cord injury in mice.PloS one · 2026Article
- Removal or inhibition of transglutaminase 2 decreases cellular stress, supporting tissue preservation, and recovery after SCI.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- Sex-dependent effects of peptidylarginine deiminases on neutrophil function and long-term outcomes after spinal cord injury.Experimental neurology · 2025Article
- Enhancement of spinal cord injury repair in rats using photo-crosslinked GelMA hydrogel combined with mitochondrial transplantation.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2025Article
- The Yin and Yang of Microglia-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in CNS Injury and Diseases.Cells · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Subacute spinal cord injury (SCI) displays a complex pathophysiology associated with pro-inflammation and ensuing tissue damage. Microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the CNS, in concert with infiltrating macrophages, are the primary contributors to SCI-induced inflammation. However, subpopulations of activated microglia can also possess immunomodulatory activities that are essential for tissue remodeling and repair, including the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors that are vital for SCI recovery. Recently, reports have provided convincing evidence that sex-dependent differences exist in how microglia function during CNS pathologies and the extent to which these cells contribute to neurorepair and endogenous recovery. Herein we employed flow cytometry and immunohistochemical methods to characterize the phenotype and population dynamics of activated innate immune cells within the injured spinal cord of age-matched male and female rats within the first week (7 days) following thoracic SCI contusion. This assessment included the analysis of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers, as well as the expression of critical immunomodulatory kinases, including P38 MAPK, and transcription factors, such as NFκB, which play pivotal roles in injury-induced inflammation. We demonstrate that activated microglia from the injured spinal cord of female rats exhibited a significantly diminutive pro-inflammatory response, but enhanced anti-inflammatory activity compared to males. These changes included lower levels of iNOS and TLR4 expression but increased levels of ARG-1 and CD68 in females after SCI. The altered expression of these markers is indicative of a disparate secretome between the microglia of males and females after SCI and that the female microglia possesses higher phagocytic capabilities (increased CD68). The examination of immunoregulatory kinases and transcription factors revealed that female microglia had higher levels of phosphorylated P38
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.