Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38638550›Full record

ReviewClinical kidney journal2024

Sex disparities in mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in chronic kidney disease.

Olga Balafa, Beatriz Fernandez-Fernandez, Alberto Ortiz, Evangelia Dounousi, Robert Ekart, Charles J Ferro, Patrick B Mark, Jose M Valdivielso, Lucia Del Vecchio, Francesca Mallamaci

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Clinical kidney journal, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
27citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

27 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. New kidneys, old risks: cardiovascular challenges after transplantation.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2026
    Review
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Addressing Unmet Needs in the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease.International journal of general medicine · 2026
    Review
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. [The importance of sex/gender for graft and patient survival].Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025
    Review
  13. Article
  14. Sex Differences in Ambulatory Central Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Hemodialysis Patients.High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension · 2025
    Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Olga BalafaDepartment of Nephrology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1467-1492
Beatriz Fernandez-FernandezDepartment of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, Madrid, Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6727-1943
Alberto OrtizDepartment of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, Madrid, Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9805-9523
Evangelia DounousiNephrology Dept, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina and University Hospital of Ioannina. Ioannina, Greece.
Robert EkartDepartment of Dialysis, Clinic for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.
Charles J FerroInstitute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0577-7081
Patrick B MarkSchool of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3387-2123
Jose M ValdivielsoVascular and Renal Traslational Research Group, UDETMA, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain.
Lucia Del VecchioDepartment of Nephrology and Dialysis, Sant'Anna Hospital, ASST Lariana, Como, Italy.
Francesca MallamaciDepartment of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Azienda Ospedaliera 'Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli' & CNR-IFC, Reggio Calabria, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Sex (biologically determined) and gender (socially constructed) modulate manifestations and prognosis of a vast number of diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). CVD remains the leading cause of death in CKD patients. Population-based studies indicate that women present a higher prevalence of CKD and experience less CVD than men in all CKD stages, although this is not as clear in patients on dialysis or transplantation. When compared to the general population of the same sex, CKD has a more negative impact on women on kidney replacement therapy. European women on dialysis or recipients of kidney transplants have life expectancy up to 44.8 and 19.8 years lower, respectively, than their counterparts of similar age in the general population. For men, these figures stand at 37.1 and 16.5 years, representing a 21% to 20% difference, respectively. Hormonal, genetic, societal, and cultural influences may contribute to these sex-based disparities. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of these differences and their implications for patient care, well-designed clinical trials that involve a larger representation of women and focus on sex-related variables are urgently needed. This narrative review emphasizes the importance of acknowledging the epidemiology and prognosis of sex disparities in CVD among CKD patients. Such insights can guide research into the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, leading to optimized treatment strategies and ultimately, improved clinical outcomes.

Indexed as

cardiovascular diseasechronic kidney diseasegendermortalitysex

Identifiers

PMID38638550
PMCPMC11024840

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.