ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2024
Associations of sex hormone ratios with metabolic syndrome and inflammation in US adult men and women.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association Between Serum Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Levels and Risk of Diabetes in Middle-Aged Men: A Long-Term Population-Based Longitudinal Study.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Article
- Valvular Heart Diseases in Swedish Males and Females: A National Cohort Study.JACC. Advances · 2026Article
- The Role of Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) as a Marker of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease, with an Extended Analysis in Both Men and Women.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Sex difference of the associations of sex hormone and their related indicators with all-cause mortality.Nutrition & metabolism · 2026Article
- Comparative Evaluation of Metabolic Syndrome, Circadian Syndrome, and Allostatic Load Measures on All-Cause Mortality in U.S. Males and Females.International journal of endocrinology · 2026Article
- Sex hormone-psoriasis interactions: from sex-specific clinical features to immunoregulatory mechanisms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Risk of Insulin Resistance in 44,939 Spanish Healthcare Workers: Association with Sociodemographic Variables and Healthy Habits.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Based on Sociodemographic Variables and Healthy Habits in Healthcare Workers: A Retrospective Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Elevated pre-pregnancy testosterone is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus: an observational cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Observational
- Cancer disrupts sex hormone-inflammation relationships: Analysis of ALI in males from NHANES 2007-2018.PloS one · 2025Article
- Association Between Soy Product Intake and Insomnia in Chinese Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.Nature and science of sleep · 2025Article
- Association between sex hormone binding globulin and metabolic syndrome in US adults: insights from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2016.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Sex hormones play a critical role in sex differences and cardiovascular disease risk associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) and inflammation. However, the associations of sex hormone ratios with metabolic and inflammatory markers are unclear according to sex and age differences. We evaluated the associations of sex hormone ratios with MS and inflammation among males and females. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted by including all adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles 2013-2016 and excluding any pregnant women, heart disease, diabetes, and those currently taking insulin. MS was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria and a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) level>3 mg/L was defined as a high CRP. Measures of MS components and CRP concentrations were also analyzed. The primary exposures were testosterone to estradiol (excess androgen index), testosterone to sex hormone-binding globulin (free androgen index), and estradiol to sex hormone-binding globulin (free estradiol index). The adjusted associations were summarized with a relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: This study included 9167 subjects with 4360 males and 4807 females. Increases in free estradiol index were positively associated with MS (RR=1.48; 95%CI: 1.39, 1.58; RR=1.31; 95%CI: 1.22, 1.40) and high CRP (RR=1.49; 95%CI: 1.25, 1.77; RR=1.26; 95%CI: 1.06, 1.50) in men with age<50 years and age≥50 years, respectively. Similarly, higher free estradiol index was also robustly associated with increased prevalence of MS (RR=1.22; 95%CI: 1.15, 1.28) and high CRP (RR=1.68; 95%CI: 1.48, 1.90) in women with age ≥50 years. Among women with age<50 years, a higher free androgen index was associated with MS (RR=1.34; 95%CI: 1.25, 1.42) and high CRP (RR=1.13; 95%CI: 1.02, 1.25). These associations were unchanged even after adjusting for all sex hormones. Conclusion: Free estradiol index was consistently and positively associated with MS and high CRP in males of all ages and older females. Free androgen index was positively associated with MS and high CRP in females with age<50 years.
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