ReviewHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2024
AI and Ethics: A Systematic Review of the Ethical Considerations of Large Language Model Use in Surgery Research.
Review in Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Concerns of Using Large Language Models in Health Care Research and Practice: Umbrella Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of ethical considerations of large language models in healthcare and medicine.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Pooled it
- Patient Cognitive Bias in Large Language Model-Supported Health Consultations: Simulation-Based Comparative Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Recommendations for disclosure of artificial intelligence in scientific writing and publishing: a regional anesthesia and pain medicine modified Delphi study.Regional anesthesia and pain medicine · 2026Article
- Next-Generation Surgery: Integrating Artificial Intelligence, Genetic Technologies, Bioengineering and Rehabilitation Into Modern Practices.Exploration (Beijing, China) · 2026Article
- AI-based computer vision as an adjunct tool for CVS documentation in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Surgical endoscopy · 2026Article
- Large Language Models for Clinical Narrative Processing: Methods, Applications, and Challenges.Methods and protocols · 2026Article
- The role of agentic artificial intelligence in healthcare: a scoping review.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Article
- A Survey on Medical Competence Evaluation Benchmarks for Large Language Models.Health care science · 2026Review
- Invited Response to "Writing an Abstract: Humans or ChatGPT?"Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2025Article
- A narrative review on artificial intelligence in neurosurgery: ethical challenges and implementation considerations.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- Comparative Evaluation of Advanced Chunking for Retrieval-Augmented Generation in Large Language Models for Clinical Decision Support.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Large Language Model-Based Writing in Published Sports Medicine Research: Uncovering a Growing Influence.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2025Article
- Man Versus Machine: A Comparative Study of Human and ChatGPT-Generated Abstracts in Plastic Surgery Research.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2025Article
- Ethical and Practical Considerations of Physicians and Nurses on Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Practices in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2025Article
- Enhancing Clinical Decision Support with Adaptive Iterative Self-Query Retrieval for Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Can we trust academic AI detective? Accuracy and limitations of AI-output detectors.Acta neurochirurgica · 2025Article
- Large language models in orthopedics: An exploratory research trend analysis and machine learning classification.Journal of orthopaedics · 2025Article
- A bibliometric analysis of large language model-based AI chatbots in surgery.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- Comparative analysis of language models in addressing syphilis-related queries.Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionAs large language models receive greater attention in medical research, the investigation of ethical considerations is warranted. This review aims to explore surgery literature to identify ethical concerns surrounding these artificial intelligence models and evaluate how autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice are represented within these ethical discussions to provide insights in order to guide further research and practice.
methodsA systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Five electronic databases were searched in October 2023. Eligible studies included surgery-related articles that focused on large language models and contained adequate ethical discussion. Study details, including specialty and ethical concerns, were collected.
resultsThe literature search yielded 1179 articles, with 53 meeting the inclusion criteria. Plastic surgery, orthopedic surgery, and neurosurgery were the most represented surgical specialties. Autonomy was the most explicitly cited ethical principle. The most frequently discussed ethical concern was accuracy (n = 45, 84.9%), followed by bias, patient confidentiality, and responsibility.
conclusionThe ethical implications of using large language models in surgery are complex and evolving. The integration of these models into surgery necessitates continuous ethical discourse to ensure responsible and ethical use, balancing technological advancement with human dignity and safety.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.