Trial reportCardiovascular diabetology2024
Ketone body levels and its associations with cardiac markers following an acute myocardial infarction: a post hoc analysis of the EMMY trial.
Trial report in Cardiovascular diabetology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin for the acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Annals of medicine · 2025Pooled it
- SGLT2 inhibitors: mechanisms, physiology and pharmacology, and clinical applications.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Inflammatory Biomarkers and Their Associations with Arrhythmic Burden Following SGLT2-I Treatment in Chronic Heart Failure-A Subanalysis of the ERASe Trial.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Review
- Myocardial Inflammation as Key Mediator of Heart-brain Interaction After Myocardial Ischemia/Infarction: Mechanistic Exploration of Post-Myocardial Infarction Cognitive Dysfunction.Current neuropharmacology · 2026Review
- Ketosis and ketoacidosis in hospitalized patients receiving SGLT2 inhibitor therapy.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Article
- Roles of Autophagy, Mitophagy, and Mitochondria in Left Ventricular Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- Polyphenol-mediated microbiome modulation in STEMI patients: a pilot study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Exogenous Ketones in Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: From Bench to Bedside.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Therapy in Different Scenarios of Heart Failure: An Overview of the Current Literature.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Caprylic Acid Inhibits High Mobility Group Box-1-Induced Mitochondrial Damage in Myocardial Tubes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Bibliometric and visual analysis of SGLT2 inhibitors in cardiovascular diseases.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have been suggested to exert cardioprotective effects in patients with heart failure, possibly by improving the metabolism of ketone bodies in the myocardium.
methodsThis post hoc analysis of the EMMY trial investigated the changes in serum β-hydroxybutyrate (3-βOHB) levels after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in response to 26-week of Empagliflozin therapy compared to the usual post-MI treatment. In addition, the association of baseline and repeated measurements of 3-βOHB with cardiac parameters and the interaction effects of Empagliflozin were investigated. Cardiac parameters included N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricle end-systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricle end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), and left ventricular filling pressure (E/é ratio).
resultsThe mean 3-βOHB levels increased from baseline (46.2 ± 3.0 vs. 51.7 ± 2.7) to 6 weeks (48.8 ± 2.2 vs. 42.0 ± 2.3) and 26 weeks (49.3 ± 2.2 vs. 35.8 ± 1.9) in the Empagliflozin group compared to a consistent decline in placebo over 26 weeks (p
conclusionThis post hoc analysis showed that SGLT2i increased 3-βOHB levels after AMI compared to placebo. Higher baseline 3-βOHB levels were inversely associated with cardiac function at follow-up, whereas a sustained increase in 3-βOHB levels over time improved these markers. This highlights the importance of investigating ketone body metabolism in different post-MI phases. Although more pronounced effect of 3-βOHB on cardiac markers was observed in the SGLT2i group, further research is required to explore this interaction effect.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.