ArticleThe journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences2024
Educational Inequalities in Dual-Function Life Expectancy.
Article in The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Heterogeneity in healthy aging among U.S. Latinos: a dual functionality perspective.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026Article
- The health production function in South Asia: panel evidence on education, health expenditure, governance, and longevity.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThis study investigates educational inequalities in dual functionality, a new concept that captures a combination of physical and cognitive functioning, both of which are important for independent living and quality of life.
methodsUsing data from the Health and Retirement Study and the National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality Files, we define a measure of dual functionality based on the absence of limitations in activities of daily living and dementia. We estimate age-graded dual-function rates among adults 65+ and age-65 dual-function life expectancy across levels of education stratified by gender.
resultsIn their mid-60s, 67% of women with less than a high school degree manifest dual functionality as compared with over 90% of women with at least a 4-year college degree. A similar pattern holds among men. These education-based gaps in dual functionality remain across later life, even as dual-function rates decline at older ages. Lower dual-function rates among older adults with less education translate into inequalities of 6.7 and 7.3 years in age-65 dual-function life expectancy between men and women, respectively, with at least a 4-year college degree compared to their counterparts with less than a high school degree. DISCUSSION: Older adults, particularly women, with less than a high school degree are estimated to live a smaller percentage of their remaining years with dual functionality compared with older adults with at least a college degree. These inequalities have implications for the distribution of caregiving resources of individuals, family members, and the broader healthcare community.
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Registered trials
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