ArticlePharmaceutics2024
Oral Delivery of Liraglutide-Loaded Zein/Eudragit-Chitosan Nanoparticles Provides Pharmacokinetic and Glycemic Outcomes Comparable to Its Subcutaneous Injection in Rats.
Article in Pharmaceutics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Zein-Pectin Nanoparticles for Luteolin Delivery: Physicochemical Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and Simulated Gastrointestinal Behavior.Journal of food science · 2026Article
- Advances in GLP-1 receptor agonists delivery systems for obesity and diabetes.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Effect of Wall-Material Assembly Sequence on Ovalbumin-Chitosan Nanoparticles for Antarctic Krill Peptide Delivery.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- An Insight into Pharmaceutical Design and Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of GLP-1 RAs.Current pharmaceutical design · 2026Review
- Chitosan Nanoparticles for Natural Antioxidant Delivery in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis Liver Disease (MASLD).International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Oral Treatment of Obesity by GLP-1 and Its Analogs.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Optimized buccoadhesive repaglinide-loaded cubogel: In-vitro characterization and in-vivo hypoglycemic activity in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2025Article
- Engineered GLP-1R-targeting nanoplatforms: multimodal therapeutics in human diseases.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- A comprehensive review on liraglutide and novel nanocarrier-based systems for the effective delivery of liraglutide.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Development and Characterization of Zein/Eudragit Composite Nanoparticles for Insulin Intranasal Delivery.ACS omega · 2025Article
- Development, Safety, and Therapeutic Evaluation of Voriconazole-Loaded Zein-Pectin-Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles Using Alternative In Vivo Models for Efficacy and Toxicity.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Sustained Delivery of Liraglutide Using Multivesicular Liposome Based on Mixed Phospholipids.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Liraglutide (LIRA) is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist renowned for its efficacy in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is typically administered via subcutaneous injections. Oral delivery, although more desirable for being painless and potentially enhancing patient adherence, is challenged by the peptide's low bioavailability and vulnerability to digestive enzymes. This study aimed to develop LIRA-containing zein-based nanoparticles stabilized with eudragit RS100 and chitosan for oral use (Z-ERS-CS/LIRA). These nanoparticles demonstrated a spherical shape, with a mean diameter of 238.6 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.099, a zeta potential of +40.9 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 41%. In vitro release studies indicated a prolonged release, with up to 61% of LIRA released over 24 h. Notably, the nanoparticles showed considerable resistance and stability in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, suggesting protection from pH and enzymatic degradation. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that orally administered Z-ERS-CS/LIRA paralleled the pharmacokinetic profile seen with subcutaneously delivered LIRA. Furthermore, in vivo tests on a diabetic rat model showed that Z-ERS-CS/LIRA significantly controlled glucose levels, comparable to the results observed with free LIRA. The findings underscore Z-ERS-CS/LIRA nanoparticles as a promising approach for oral LIRA delivery in T2DM management.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.