ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence reports2024
Pilot findings on the real-world performance of xylazine test strips for drug residue testing and the importance of secondary testing methods.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Interpol review of forensic drug chemistry, 2022-2025.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2026Review
- Healthcare provider approaches to managing the health harms of xylazine: A qualitative study.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2026Article
- New trends in the overdose epidemic: postural impact on abusers of fentanyl and xylazine and clinical and forensic implications.Forensic science, medicine, and pathology · 2026Review
- Navigating an unpredictable supply: lived experiences of xylazine exposure among people who use drugs.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Adverse maternal and neonatal effects associated with perinatal xylazine exposure: a systematic review.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Review
- Differences in Xylazine and Xylazine Test Strip Usage Among Racial and Ethnic Minoritized Populations: Findings from the Stay Safe Study.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2026Observational
- Assessing the real-world performance of xylazine test strips for community-based drug checking in Los Angeles.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Navigating an Unpredictable Supply: Lived Experiences of Xylazine Exposure Among People Who Use Drugs.Research square · 2026Article
- Multitechnique Approach for Xylazine Detection: Chemical Spot Tests, Immunoassays, and Scanning Electron Microscopy.ACS omega · 2025Article
- Drug-Checking with Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: Addressing Xylazine-Contaminated Fentanyl.ACS sensors · 2025Article
- Point-Of-Care Drug-Checking: Assessing the Rhode Island Drug Supply Using FTIR Spectroscopy to Detect Fentanyl, Xylazine and Other Substances.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- Recent advances in the identification and quantification of xylazine and medetomidine in biological specimens.Bioanalysis · 2025Review
- Xylazine prevalence and concentration in the Los Angeles fentanyl market, 2023-2025.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Article
- Assessing an ICD-10 code approach for estimating xylazine-involved overdose deaths in the United States.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- "Anything can happen": experiences of people using opioids in a xylazine market.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Qualitative insights into drug use safety strategies and social support among sexual minority women who inject drugs in Baltimore, Maryland.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Multidisciplinary Guidance to Care for Persons With Xylazine-Associated Wounds.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Development and Validation of a High-sensitivity Rapid Xylazine Dipstick for Clinical Urine Testing.Journal of addiction medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Xylazine is a sedative found increasingly in the illicit fentanyl supply that can cause hypotension, bradycardia, necrosis and death. This pilot examined the real-world performance of BTNX xylazine test strips (XTS) in drug residue samples. Methods: This study was nested within a drug checking service in Rhode Island. We tested unmeasured drug residue dissolved in 5 mL of distilled water using XTS and Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Analyses compared XTS and LC-QTOF-MS results to calculate XTS detection of xylazine in residue. Results: Among 41 residue samples, xylazine was detected in 11% by the XTS and 44 % by the laboratory. The LC-QTOF-MS detected xylazine in 18 samples: 4 major, 9 minor, 5 trace by volume relative to the whole sample. The XTS disagreed with the LC-QTOF-MS by indicating a negative result in 77.8 % (N=14) of the samples but never indicated a positive when the LC-QTOF-MS reported xylazine's absence. The XTS correctly detected xylazine 22 % of the time, however, this increased to 100 % of the time if xylazine was a major active component. Conclusions: In this study, the BTNX XTS often disagreed with LC-QTOF-MS by indicating a negative result, likely due to the dilution levels used and sample composition. The XTS may not be accurate in detecting residual amounts of xylazine, especially if xylazine is not a dominant component of the tested sample. Given the novelty of BTNX's XTS products, we recommend XTS only be used in conjunction with other advanced drug checking modalities for residue testing.
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