ArticlePloS one2024
Double burden of malnutrition among women of reproductive age: Trends and determinants over the last 15 years in India.
Article in PloS one, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Minimum diet diversity and its association with nutrient intake among non-pregnant and non-lactating women residing in Delhi.The Indian journal of medical research · 2026Article
- Impact of trimester-specific nutrition counseling on maternal vitamin D status, and perinatal outcomes in India: a quasi-experimental cohort study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Defining double burden of malnutrition across individual, household and population level: A narrative review.Nutrition & dietetics : the journal of the Dietitians Association of Australia · 2026Review
- Article
- Microgreens: Functional Food for Nutrition and Dietary Diversification.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Risk factors for the intra-individual double burdens of malnutrition among reproductive-age women in India: a secondary analysis of three rounds of the National Family and Health Survey.BMJ public health · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
introductionDouble burden of malnutrition (DBM) has been recognized by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as an emerging Global Syndemic characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of both undernutrition and overnutrition. Women of the reproductive age group (15 to 49 years) are disproportionately affected by DBM and are at high risk of continuing the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition. This study aims to assess the changing trends and determinants of DBM among women of the reproductive age group in India. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe used data from three rounds of National Family Health Surveys (NFHS-3,4,5) conducted in years 2005-06, 2015-16, and 2019-2021. Descriptive statistics and Poisson regression analysis were done using weights with log link function.
resultsThe prevalence of anaemia, underweight and overweight/obesity was 57.2%, 18.6% and 24% respectively. The combined burden of underweight and anaemia has declined by 46% (21.6% to 11.7%), whereas the combined burden of overweight/obesity and anaemia has increased by 130% (5.4% to 12.4%) in the past 15 years. The prevalence of DBM, which includes both underweight and overweight/obesity with anaemia was 24.1% in 2021, a decline of 11% in 15 years. Women who were younger, rural, less educated, poor and middle class, and women living in the eastern, western and southern regions of India had higher risk for being underweight with anaemia and lower risk for developing overweight/obesity with anaemia.
conclusionThe significant decrease in underweight yet enormous increase in overweight/obesity over the past 15 years with the persistence of anaemia in both ends of the nutritional spectrum is characteristic of the new nutritional reality emphasizing the need to address malnutrition in all its forms. It is critical to consider geography and a population specific, double-duty targeted intervention to holistically address the risk factors associated with DBM and accomplish India's commitment to the global agenda of Sustainable Development Goals-2030.
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