ReviewParkinsonism & related disorders2024
Update: Protective and risk factors for Parkinson disease.
Review in Parkinsonism & related disorders, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Leveraging machine learning with real-world data for hypothesis generation by identifying exposomic predictors in Parkinson's disease among farmers.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- A paradoxical plus for Parkinson's in UK's new 'generational smoking ban'.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Association of the miR-146a rs57095329 polymorphism with susceptibility and clinical phenotypes in Parkinson's disease.Neurogenetics · 2026Article
- Mapping the Parkinson's pandemic: Unveiling and addressing the global burden.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
- The T Allele of the HNMT C314T Polymorphism Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease in Mexican Patients.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Bipolar Disorder as a Long-Term Risk Factor for Parkinson's Disease: A Nationwide Case-Control Study.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Article
- Parkinson's Disease: Conventional Pharmacotherapy, Drug Delivery Innovations, and Emerging Therapeutic Targets.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Meaning in life and Parkinson's disease: Evidence from a 17-year study across 14 countries.Archives of gerontology and geriatrics · 2026Article
- The recent research progress on traditional Chinese medicine application in Parkinson's disease: a review.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- Elevated Lactobacillus salivarius and genus Akkermansia in fecal samples of Taiwanese patients with parkinson's disease and diabetes mellitus.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Review
- Electroacupuncture alleviates Parkinson's disease by targeting HDAC/SIRT-mediated deacetylation of 14-3-3.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We review the epidemiologic literature on potential protective and risk factors in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Prior research identified numerous possible protective and risk factors. Potential protective factors include tobacco abuse, physical activity, urate levels, NSAID use, calcium channel blocker use, statin use, and use of some α1-adrenergic antagonists. Some potential protective factors could be products of reverse causation, including increased serum urate, tobacco abuse, and coffee-tea-caffeine consumption. Potential risk factors include traumatic brain injury, pesticide exposure, organic solvent exposure, lead exposure, air pollution, Type 2 Diabetes, some dairy products, cardiovascular disease, and some infections including Hepatitis C, H. pylori, and COVID-19. Potential non-environmental risk factors include bipolar disorder, essential tremor, bullous pemphigoid, and inflammatory bowel disease. There is an inverse relationship with PD and risk of most cancers. Though many potential protective and risk factors for PD were identified, research has not yet led to unique, rigorous prevention trials or successful disease-modifying interventions. While efforts to reduce exposure to some industrial toxicants are well justified, PD incidence might be most effectively reduced by mitigation of risks, such as Type 2 Diabetes, air pollution, traumatic brain injury, or physical inactivity, that are general public health intervention targets.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.