SynthesisBMC public health2024
The association between screen time exposure and myopia in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC public health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Parent-Infant Attachment and Gross Motor Development During the First 2 Years of Life: A Systematic Review.Nursing & health sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Digital Screen Time and Myopia: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.JAMA network open · 2025Pooled it
- The association of screen time and the risk of sleep outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Italian consensus on pediatric myopia: findings from a three-round modified delphi study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Progression with myopia control spectacles: identifying predictors of response to defocus incorporated multiple segment and highly aspherical lenslets spectacles in the French myopia cohort.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Prevalence of myopia and myopia trends among optometric telemedicine users in Spain: a retrospective nationwide observational study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Network Analysis of Visual Behaviors, Family Factors, and Refractive Status in Chinese Schoolchildren - 10 PLADs, China, 2020-2024.China CDC weekly · 2026Article
- Long-term Impact of COVID-19-Related Behavioral Changes on Myopia Progression in Children: A Four-Year Cohort Study.Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO · 2026Article
- Area Deprivation and Social Vulnerability Are Associated with Pediatric Vision Screening Outcomes in the University of California, Irvine EyeMobile Program.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Body Roundness Index and Reported Vision Difficulty in U.S. Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES 2021-2023.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- The longitudinal associations of reading, writing and screen time with myopia at age 9 years among children from the GUSTO birth cohort.Acta ophthalmologica · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Associated Factors of Self-Reported Myopia Among Undergraduate Students in the Northern Region of Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Myopia Management Consensus Statement in South Korean Children 2025 by the Korean Myopia Society for the Korean Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO · 2026Review
- Sleep Quality and Healthy Lifestyle Beliefs in Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Screen Exposure.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Association between ambient air pollution and prevalence of myopia in Korean men.BMC public health · 2026Article
- A cross-sectional survey of myopia prevalence and its influencing factors among school children and adolescents under the double reduction policy.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Parent engagement in children's eye care behavior and vision-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- The association between smartwatch usage and myopia progression in primary school students: a 1-year prospective observation.Eye (London, England) · 2026Observational
- Age-dependent and reversible refractive changes in 0-6 years old children associated with reduced outdoor activity: a six-year community-based study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study aimed to systematically review epidemiological evidence on associations between screen time exposure and myopia in children and adolescents, and to quantitatively evaluate summary effect estimates from existing literature.
methodThere were three online databases including PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, for epidemiological studies on screen time exposure and myopia published before June 1, 2023. The risk of bias was assessed by the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) checklist. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the correlation between screen time exposure and myopia using random or fixed-effect models by exposure type (categorical/continuous). We also performed subgroup analysis by screen device type, study quality, geographic region, and research period.
resultsWe searched 7,571 records from three databases and identified 19 eligible studies, including 14 high-quality studies and 5 moderate-quality studies. Meta-analyses suggested that there was a statistically significant correlation between screen time (high vs. low) and myopia. The pooled ORs with 95%CIs were respectively 2.24 (1.47-3.42) for cross-sectional studies, and 2.39 (2.07-2.76) for cohort studies. We also found a significant association between continuous exposure to screen time (per 1 h/d increase) and myopia in cohort studies. The pooled ORs with 95%CIs were 1.07 (1.01-1.13). In subgroup analysis stratified by screen device type in cross-sectional studies, screen time exposures from computers (categorical: OR = 8.19, 95%CI: 4.78-14.04; continuous: OR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.10-1.35) and televisions (categorical: OR = 1.46, 95%CI: 1.02-2.10) were associated with myopia, while smartphones were not. Although publication bias was detected, the pooled results did not show significant changes after adjustment using the trim and fill method.
conclusionOur findings support that screen time exposure was significantly associated with myopia in children and adolescents. Notably, screen time exposure from computers may have the most significant impact on myopia.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.