ArticleChild and adolescent psychiatry and mental health2024
Trends and off-label utilization of antipsychotics in children and adolescents from 2016 to 2021 in China: a real-world study.
Article in Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Risk of extrapyramidal symptoms associated with antipsychotic drugs in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trials.Research square · 2026Article
- Article
- Prescriber-recorded indications for antipsychotic use in children and adolescents in Spain, 2015-2023: a population-based, real-world study.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Neurological Adverse Effects of Antipsychotic Medication in Children and Young People.Paediatric drugs · 2026Review
- The treatment characteristics of oral antipsychotics in treatment of adolescents with schizophrenia in China.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Real-World Analysis of Potential Drug-Drug Interactions with Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir Based on the Hospital Prescription Analysis (HPA) Database in 9 Cities of China.Infection and drug resistance · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGlobal antipsychotic usage, including off-label prescriptions, has increased in recent decades. However, trends in China, particularly for children and adolescents, remain unclear. This study explored these trends from 2016 to 2021 and identified factors associated with off-label prescriptions.
methodsIn this retrospective study, we analyzed on-label and off-label prescriptions based on drug information approved by the China National Medical Products Administration. To identify factors associated with off-label prescriptions, we conducted multivariate logistic regression analysis.
resultsOur study included 48,258 antipsychotic prescriptions, 52.4% (25,295) of which were prescriptions for males. Of these, 61.7% (29,813) were off-label. Over time, the number of antipsychotics and the percentage of off-label prescriptions for children and adolescents overall increased from 2016 to 2021. The use of atypical antipsychotics increased, whereas that of typical antipsychotics decreased. For off-label usage, all of the factors in our study were associated with off-label usage, including age, sex, year, region, department, reimbursement, antipsychotic type, drug expense, number of polypharmacy and diagnoses. Additionally, tiapride (15.8%) and aripiprazole (18.6%) were the most common typical and atypical antipsychotics, respectively. For pediatric diseases, common diagnoses included mood or affective disorders (31.7%) and behavioral and emotional disorders, with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence (29.1%). Furthermore, a depressive state was the most common diagnosis for which antipsychotic polypharmacy was used for treatment.
conclusionIn this retrospective study, off-label antipsychotic prescriptions were common, with trends generally increasing among children and adolescents from 2016 to 2021. However, there is a lack of evidence supporting off-label usage, thus emphasizing the need for studies on the efficacy and safety of these treatments.
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