Charge adaptive phytochemical-based nanoparticles for eradication of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus biofilms.

The intrinsic resistance of MRSA coupled with biofilm antibiotic tolerance challenges the antibiotic treatment of MRSA biofilm infections. Phytochemical-based nanoplatform is a promising emerging approach for treatment of biofilm infection. However, their therapeutic efficacy was restricted by the low drug loading capacity and lack of selectivity. Herein, we constructed a surface charge adaptive phytochemical-based nanoparticle with high isoliquiritigenin (ISL) loading content for effective treatment of MRSA biofilm. A dimeric ISL prodrug (ISL-G2) bearing a lipase responsive ester bond was synthesized, and then encapsulated into the amphiphilic quaternized oligochitosan. The obtained ISL-G2 loaded NPs possessed positively charged surface, which allowed cis-aconityl-d-tyrosine (CA-Tyr) binding via electrostatic interaction to obtain ISL-G2@TMDCOS-Tyr NPs. The NPs maintained their negatively charged surface, thus prolonging the blood circulation time. In response to low pH in the biofilms, the fast removal of CA-Tyr led to a shift in their surface charge from negative to positive, which enhanced the accumulation and penetration of NPs in the biofilms. Sequentially, the pH-triggered release of d-tyrosine dispersed the biofilm and lipase-triggered released of ISL effectively kill biofilm MRSA. An