ArticleCancer cell international2024
miR-455/GREM1 axis promotes colorectal cancer progression and liver metastasis by affecting PI3K/AKT pathway and inducing M2 macrophage polarization.
Article in Cancer cell international, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- ENO2 drives tumor cell-induced M2 macrophage polarization to promote colorectal cancer liver metastasis.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Potential role of leptin in colorectal cancer liver metastasis involving lipid metabolic reprogramming and immunosuppressive macrophage polarization.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Single-cell transcriptomic mapping of patient-derived primary liver cancer organoids reveals molecular subtypes and guides precision drug targeting.Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- 3D-bioprinted mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes reprogram macrophages via PI3K/AKT to accelerate nerve regeneration.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Key molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks in colorectal cancer liver metastasis.Biological procedures online · 2026Review
- A bibliometric and visual analysis of colorectal cancer liver metastasis research from 2015 to 2025.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Colorectal Cancer Cell's Weapon: RNF32 Engages SPP1Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- A Novel Prognostic Signature Composed of Autophagy and Liver Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer: Comprehensive Analysis of Bulk and Single-Cell Transcriptomic Data.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Article
- UPF1 inhibits cervical cancer cell migration and invasion by regulating nonsense-mediated decay ofJournal of gynecologic oncology · 2025Article
- Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate liver fibrosis by inhibiting hepatocyte ferroptosis and macrophage polarization via the miR-455-3p/PLAU axis.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
- The Role of GREMLIN1, a Bone Morphogenetic Protein Antagonist, in Cancer Stem Cell Regulation.Cells · 2025Review
- Knockdown of miR-411-3p induces M2 macrophage polarization and promotes colorectal cancer progression by regulation of MMP7.European journal of histochemistry : EJH · 2025Article
- Review
- Tumour-derived exosomal miR-205 promotes ovarian cancer cell progression through M2 macrophage polarization via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.Journal of ovarian research · 2025Article
- Interpretable artificial intelligence based on immunoregulation-related genes predicts prognosis and immunotherapy response in lung adenocarcinoma.Frontiers in bioinformatics · 2025Article
- A comprehensive prognostic and immunological implications of Gremlin 1 in lung adenocarcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
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12 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundColorectal cancer is among the most common malignant tumors affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Liver metastases, a complication present in approximately 50% of colorectal cancer patients, are a considerable concern. Recently, studies have revealed the crucial role of miR-455 in tumor pathogenesis. However, the effect of miR-455 on the progression of liver metastases in colorectal cancer remains controversial. As an antagonist of bone morphogenetic protein(BMP), Gremlin 1 (GREM1) may impact organogenesis, body patterning, and tissue differentiation. Nevertheless, the role of miR-455 in regulating GREM1 in colorectal cancer liver metastases and how miR-455/GREM1 axis influences tumour immune microenvironment is unclear.
methodsBioinformatics analysis shows that miR-455/GREM1 axis plays crucial role in liver metastasis of intestinal cancer and predicts its possible mechanism. To investigate the impact of miR-455/GREM1 axis on the proliferation, invasion, and migration of colorectal cancer cells, colony formation assay, wound healing and transwell assay were examined in vitro. The Dual-Luciferase reporter gene assay and RNA pull-down assay confirmed a possible regulatory effect between miR-455 and GREM1. In vivo, colorectal cancer liver metastasis(CRLM) model mice was established to inquiry the effect of miR-455/GREM1 axis on tumor growth and macrophage polarization. The marker of macrophage polarization was tested using immunofluorescence(IF) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR). By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), cytokines were detected in culture medium supernatants.
resultsWe found that miR-455 and BMP6 expression was increased and GREM1 expression was decreased in liver metastase compared with primary tumor. miR-455/GREM1 axis promotes colorectal cancer cells proliferation, migration, invasion via affected PI3K/AKT pathway. Moreover, downregulating GREM1 augmented BMP6 expression in MC38 cell lines, inducing M2 polarization of macrophages, and promoting liver metastasis growth in CRLM model mice.
conclusionThese data suggest that miR-455/GREM1 axis promotes colorectal cancer progression and liver metastasis by affecting PI3K/AKT pathway and inducing M2 macrophage polarization. These results offer valuable insights and direction for future research and treatment of CRLM.
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