ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2024
Origin and Roles of Alanine and Glutamine in Gluconeogenesis in the Liver, Kidneys, and Small Intestine under Physiological and Pathological Conditions.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Untargeted metabolomics for the early detection of preeclampsia: A systematic review of human studies.PloS one · 2026Pooled it
- Trial
- Effects of an amino acid mixture on alcohol metabolism and alcohol-related symptoms in healthy adults.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Metabolomic and structural signatures of pigmented and non-pigmented Himalayan rice landraces.Journal of the science of food and agriculture · 2026Article
- Liver response to early embryonic stimulation with xylo-and mannooligosaccharides in broiler chickens.Journal of applied genetics · 2026Article
- Electroconvulsive Treatment for Depression Alters Mitochondrial Serum Metabolites.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Second-trimester multimetabolite panel for early preeclampsia rule-out.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Amino Acid Metabolism in Health and Disease.MedComm · 2026Review
- Effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible crude protein levels on growth performance, meat quality, and Cecal microbiota of Arbor Acres broilers.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Metabolic adaptations of starving purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) surviving in the barrens.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Neurotoxic effects of dietary glutamate in glaucoma and potential nutritional and pharmacological therapies: a scoping review.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Metformin's disruption of gluconeogenesis in type 2 diabetes impairments of the cori and alanine cycles as hidden drivers of metabolic waste accumulation, NF-κBHIF-1α-mediated low-grade inflammation, and multisystem dysfunction.Problemy endokrinologii · 2026Review
- Regulation and clinical manifestations of gluconeogenesis dysfunction.npj metabolic health and disease · 2026Review
- Urinary Organic Acid Profiling by GC-MS Reveals Distinct Metabolic Signatures for Non-Invasive Diagnosis and Disease Activity Monitoring of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Vascularized Liver-on-a-Microsphere Reveals Alanine-Glucose Metabolism-Driven Regulation of Liver Function and Injury.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Impaired arginine, citrulline, and glutamine metabolism in type 2 diabetes: insights from a stable isotope study.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Sex-specific systemic and brain metabolic responses to a standardized ketogenic diet in mice.Lab animal · 2026Article
- Plasma amino acid concentrations at admission and 28-day mortality in ST-elevation myocardial infarction.Nutrition & metabolism · 2026Article
- MRS and Optical Imaging Studies of Therapeutic Response to Combination Therapy Targeting BRAF/MEK in Murine Melanomas.Academic radiology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Alanine and glutamine are the principal glucogenic amino acids. Most originate from muscles, where branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, and isoleucine) are nitrogen donors and, under exceptional circumstances, a source of carbons for glutamate synthesis. Glutamate is a nitrogen source for alanine synthesis from pyruvate and a substrate for glutamine synthesis by glutamine synthetase. The following differences between alanine and glutamine, which can play a role in their use in gluconeogenesis, are shown: (i) glutamine appearance in circulation is higher than that of alanine; (ii) the conversion to oxaloacetate, the starting substance for glucose synthesis, is an ATP-consuming reaction for alanine, which is energetically beneficial for glutamine; (iii) most alanine carbons, but not glutamine carbons, originate from glucose; and (iv) glutamine acts a substrate for gluconeogenesis in the liver, kidneys, and intestine, whereas alanine does so only in the liver. Alanine plays a significant role during early starvation, exposure to high-fat and high-protein diets, and diabetes. Glutamine plays a dominant role in gluconeogenesis in prolonged starvation, acidosis, liver cirrhosis, and severe illnesses like sepsis and acts as a substrate for alanine synthesis in the small intestine. Interactions among muscles and the liver, kidneys, and intestine ensuring optimal alanine and glutamine supply for gluconeogenesis are suggested.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.