ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2025
Pneumococcal Carriage and Disease in Adults in England, 2011-2019: The Importance of Adults as a Reservoir for Pneumococcus in Communities.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Indirect Effect of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on Pneumococcal Colonization: Persistence and Dynamics of Vaccine Serotypes in Sicily (Italy) 11 Years Postintroduction, 2009-2020.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Hidden burden of pneumococcal colonization in adults with viral respiratory infections: the role of influenza and RSV.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Recommendations on PCV20 vaccine in adults and at-risk populations.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Review
- Detection of Pneumococcal Carriage in Asymptomatic Healthcare Workers.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Longitudinal prevalence and co-carriage of pathogens associated with nursing home acquired pneumonia in three long-term care facilities.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Serotype 3 pneumococcal pleural empyema: a case report and review of the epidemiology.European clinical respiratory journal · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
36 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPneumococcal carriage in healthy adults and its relationship to invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is not well understood.
methodsNasal wash samples from adults without close contact with young children (Liverpool, UK), 2011-2019, were cultured, and culture-negative samples tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Pneumococcal carriage in adults 18-44 years was compared with carriage among pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-vaccinated children aged 13-48 months (nasopharyngeal swabs, Thames Valley, UK) and national IPD data, 2014-2019. Age group-specific serotype invasiveness was calculated and used with national IPD data to estimate carriage serotype distributions for ≥65 years.
resultsOverall, 98 isolates (97 carriers) were identified (3 solely by PCR) from 1631 ≥18 years adults (standardized carriage prevalence 6.4%). Despite different carriage and IPD serotype distributions between adults and children, serotype invasiveness was highly correlated (R = 0.9). Serotypes 3, 37, and 8 represented a higher proportion of adult carriage than expected. Predicted carriage serotype distributions for ≥65 years aligned closest with the young adult carriage serotype distribution.
conclusionsNasal wash technique is highly sensitive. For some serotypes carried by adults aged ≥65 years, other adults may be an important reservoir for transmission. Age groups such as older children should also be considered.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.