Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39014354›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2024

The cost of adding rapid screening for diabetes, hypertension, and COVID-19 to COVID-19 vaccination queues in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Sithabiso D Masuku, Alana T Brennan, Beatrice Vetter, Francois Venter, Bukelwa Mtshazo, Simiso Sokhela, Nkuli Mashabane, Kekeletso Kao, Gesine Meyer-Rath

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BMC public health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Sithabiso D MasukuHealth Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, University of the Witwatersrand, Unit 2, 39 Empire Road, Parktown Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa. smasuku@heroza.org.
Alana T BrennanHealth Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, University of the Witwatersrand, Unit 2, 39 Empire Road, Parktown Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
Beatrice VetterFIND, Geneva, Switzerland.
Francois VenterWits Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Bukelwa MtshazoWits Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Simiso SokhelaWits Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Nkuli MashabaneWits Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Kekeletso KaoFIND, Geneva, Switzerland.
Gesine Meyer-RathHealth Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, University of the Witwatersrand, Unit 2, 39 Empire Road, Parktown Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.

Funding

Evidence of the burden of diabetes, gaps in the diabetes cascade-of-care and the impact of care and treatment on diabetes outcomes in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in South AfricaK01DK116929 · NIDDK · BOSTON UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CAMPUS · PI BRENNAN, ALANA TERESA · 2019 to 2023
$866k
NIDDK NIH HHS K01 DK116929
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) are responsible for 51% of total mortality in South Africa, with a rising burden of hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM). Incorporating NCDs and COVID-19 screening into mass activities such as COVID-19 vaccination programs could offer significant long-term benefits for early detection interventions. However, there is limited knowledge of the associated costs and resources required. We evaluated the cost of integrating NCD screening and COVID-19 antigen rapid diagnostic testing (Ag-RDT) into a COVID-19 vaccination program.

methodsWe conducted a prospective cost analysis at three public sector primary healthcare clinics and one academic hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa, conducting vaccinations. Participants were assessed for eligibility and recruited during May-Dec 2022. Costs were estimated from the provider perspective using a bottom-up micro-costing approach and reported in 2022 USD.

resultsOf the 1,376 enrolled participants, 240 opted in to undergo a COVID-19 Ag-RDT, and none tested positive for COVID-19. 138 (10.1%) had elevated blood pressure, with 96 (70%) having no prior HTN diagnosis. 22 (1.6%) were screen-positive for DM, with 12 (55%) having no prior diagnosis. The median cost per person screened for NCDs was $1.70 (IQR: $1.38-$2.49), respectively. The average provider cost per person found to have elevated blood glucose levels and blood pressure was $157.99 and $25.19, respectively. Finding a potentially new case of DM and HTN was $289.65 and $36.21, respectively. For DM and DM + HTN screen-positive participants, diagnostic tests were the main cost driver, while staff costs were the main cost driver for DM- and HTN screen-negative and HTN screen-positive participants. The median cost per Ag-RDT was $5.95 (IQR: $5.55-$6.25), with costs driven mainly by test kit costs.

conclusionsWe show the cost of finding potentially new cases of DM and HTN in a vaccine queue, which is an essential first step in understanding the feasibility and resource requirements for such initiatives. However, there is a need for comparative economic analyses that include linkage to care and retention data to fully understand this cost and determine whether opportunistic screening should be added to general mass health activities.

Indexed as

COVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesDiabetes MellitusHypertensionMass ScreeningAdultFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedProspective StudiesSouth AfricaCOVID-19 VaccinesCostCOVID-19DiabetesHypertensionOpportunistic screeningRapid screeningSouth Africa

Identifiers

PMID39014354
PMCPMC11251297

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.