ArticleNature communications2024
Long-term risk of autoimmune diseases after mRNA-based SARS-CoV2 vaccination in a Korean, nationwide, population-based cohort study.
Article in Nature communications, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Vaccination and rheumatoid arthritis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of data from 25,949,597 participants.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- From discovery through emergency use to the present: Safety evaluation of the COVID-19 mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Vaccination in systemic lupus erythematosus.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Lipid nanoparticles as active biointerfaces: From membrane interaction to systemic dysregulation.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Autoimmune Reporting Signals in FAERS Reports Listing COVID-19 Vaccines as Suspect Products: An Active-Comparator Disproportionality Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Review
- Residential Greenness and Incident Chronic Rhinosinusitis After SARS-CoV-2 Infection in South Korea: A Nationwide Cohort Study.Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2026Article
- Autoimmune diseases in the era of COVID-19: emerging mechanisms, clinical implications, vaccine considerations, and future directions.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2026Review
- Autoimmune Features of Post-COVID-19 Vaccination Syndrome and Their Impacts on the Renin-Angiotensin System.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Autoimmune Phenomena and New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: A Personal Perspective.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Article
- Progressive Dissociation Between Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity After Four-Dose BNT162b2 Vaccination: A 36-Month Longitudinal Study.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Autoantibody and disease control stability following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in rheumatoid arthritis: an observational cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Observational
- New-onset lupus nephritis and neuropsychiatric lupus following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report.Clinical nephrology. Case studies · 2026Article
- Distinct Mortality Risks in Generalized Pustular Psoriasis and Palmoplantar Pustulosis: A Nationwide, Population-Based, Cohort Study.Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Cutaneous Lymphomas and Lymphoproliferative Disorders Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: A Systematic Review.Journal of skin cancer · 2026Review
- Case Report: A hidden cause of severe hemorrhage: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency Infectious Disease Big Data: Opening, Integration, Outcomes, and Future Directions.Jugan geon-gang gwa jilbyeong · 2025Article
- Low vaccination uptake and attitudes towards COVID-19, influenza, and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines: a cross-sectional survey of patients with rheumatic diseases.Rheumatology international · 2025Article
- COVID-19-associated Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and the Role of IVIG Therapy.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- pDNA Impurities in mRNA Vaccines.Microorganisms · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The long-term association between mRNA-based coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination and the development of autoimmune connective tissue diseases (AI-CTDs) remains unclear. In this nationwide, population-based cohort study involving 9,258,803 individuals, we aim to determine whether the incidence of AI-CTDs is associated with mRNA vaccination. The study spans over 1 year of observation and further analyses the risk of AI-CTDs by stratifying demographics and vaccination profiles and treating booster vaccination as time-varying covariate. We report that the risk of developing most AI-CTDs did not increase following mRNA vaccination, except for systemic lupus erythematosus with a 1.16-fold risk in vaccinated individuals relative to controls. Comparable results were reported in the stratified analyses for age, sex, mRNA vaccine type, and prior history of non-mRNA vaccination. However, a booster vaccination was associated with an increased risk of some AI-CTDs including alopecia areata, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Overall, we conclude that mRNA-based vaccinations are not associated with an increased risk of most AI-CTDs, although further research is needed regarding its potential association with certain conditions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.