ReviewJACC. Basic to translational science2024
Costimulatory and Coinhibitory Immune Checkpoints in Atherosclerosis: Therapeutic Targets in Atherosclerosis?
Review in JACC. Basic to translational science, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Nanomaterials-Based Immunotherapy for Atherosclerosis.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Review
- Endothelial cells modulate immune cell responses during atherosclerosis.Trends in immunology · 2026Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors and myocardial infarction.Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2026Review
- The cardiovascular-immune axis: crosstalk and therapy in atherosclerosis, myocarditis and vasculitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- LIGHT/TNFSF14 Levels in Carotid Plaques Are Associated With Symptomatic Cerebrovascular Disease.Journal of stroke · 2025Article
- Advancements in research to mitigate residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.European journal of medical research · 2025Review
- The Interplay Between Immunity, Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Unrestrained cancer immunity ignites atherosclerosis.Nature cardiovascular research · 2024Article
- Current Management of In-Stent Restenosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The benefits of current state-of-the-art treatments to combat atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) have stagnated. Treatments are mostly based on controlling cardiovascular risk factors, especially hyperlipidemia. Although the most recent advances with PCSK-9 inhibitors support the hyperlipidemia aspect of ASCVD, several lines of experimental evidence have outlined that atherosclerosis is also driven by inflammation. In the past years, phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials targeting inflammation to combat ASCVD have revealed that patients do tolerate such immune therapies, show decreases in inflammatory markers, and/or have reductions in cardiovascular endpoints. However, the search for the optimal anti-inflammatory or immune-modulating strategy and the stratification of patients who would benefit from such treatments and appropriate treatment regimens to combat ASCVD is only just beginning. In this review, we focus on immune checkpoint-based therapeutics (costimulation and coinhibition), many of which are already approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of cancer or autoimmune diseases, and discuss their use as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy to treat ASCVD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.