ArticleFrontiers in sports and active living2024
Career trajectories, transition rates, and birthdate distributions: the rocky road from youth to senior level in men's European football.
Article in Frontiers in sports and active living, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evidence-Based Insights for the Development and Talent Promotion of Young Athletes in a National Sports Context.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Relative age effect and development pathways in French basketball: from youth training structures to senior national teams.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Relative age effects in Rugby union and Rugby league: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Review
- Barriers and Facilitators in the Junior-to-Senior Transition in Male Football-A Scoping Review.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Relative age selection bias does not translate into a playing-time advantage: evidence from Italian Serie A football.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Article
- Relative age effects in European soccer: their association with contextual factors, impact on youth national teams' performance, and presence at the senior level.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- Relative age effects and player pathways in international ice hockey: a longitudinal multi-cohort analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study aimed to assess youth-to-senior transition rates, quantify the magnitude of relative age effect (RAEs), and evaluate how RAEs affect these transitions in 9,527 men's national football players of England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Regardless of national team, only -15%, 25%, and 40% of U17, U19, and U21 players successfully transitioned to the senior team, respectively, whilst -14%-24% progressed to senior level without being selected during youth. Data suggested a skewed birthdate distribution favouring relatively older players at U17, U19, and U21 levels across all countries, whereas RAEs were also present in England, Italy, and Spain at senior level. Youth-to-senior transition rates were modulated by birthdate at U17 and U19, whereby Q4 players were -2 and 1.5 times more likely to successfully transition at senior level than Q1 players, respectively. Selection at youth international level does not guarantee selection at senior level, but does make it more likely. Moreover, relatively younger athletes are disadvantaged in youth categories, although are more likely to transition to senior level once they have entered the pathway.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.