ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2024
Cause-specific and all-cause mortalities in vegetarian compared with those in nonvegetarian participants from the Adventist Health Study-2 cohort.
Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Associations between White Meat-Only and Vegetarian Diets with Mortality from All Causes, Heart Diseases, Cancers, and Stroke in the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study-II.Current developments in nutrition · 2026Article
- Egg Intake and the Incidence of Alzheimer's Disease in the Adventist Health Study-2 Cohort Linked with Medicare Data.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and Diet-Related Metabolites Are Associated With Kidney Function in the Adventist Health Study-2 Cohort.Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation · 2026Article
- Article
- Flexitarian dietary patterns and neuropsychiatric multimorbidity among the oldest-old in China.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- The Prevalence of Infectious Diseases Among Seventh-Day Adventists: A Systematic Review.American journal of lifestyle medicine · 2025Review
- Adherence to the Provegetarian Food Patterns and Incidence of All-Cause Mortality in a Mediterranean Population: The SUN Cohort.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Beyond Meat Substitution: A Multifaceted Review of Plant-Based and Alternative Proteins, from Environmental Impact to Analytical Technologies.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Balancing Health and Sustainability: Assessing the Benefits of Plant-Based Diets and the Risk of Pesticide Residues.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Impact ofFrontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere have been mixed results reported internationally when associating vegetarian dietary patterns with all-cause and cause-specific mortalities.
objectivesThis study aimed to extend our previous results by evaluating, with a larger number of deaths (N = 12,515), cause-specific mortalities comparing different vegetarian types with nonvegetarians.
methodsThis prospective study used data from the Adventist Health Study-2 cohort. Mortality was ascertained between study baseline, 2002-2007, and follow-up through 2015. Dietary data were collected at baseline using a validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire and then categorized into 5 dietary patterns: nonvegetarian, semivegetarian, pescovegetarian, lacto-ovovegetarian, and vegan. Main outcomes and measures include all-cause and cause-specific mortalities using Cox proportional hazards regression models and competing risk methods.
resultsThe analytic sample included 88,400 participants who provided 971,424 person-years of follow-up. We report results pairwise as estimated at ages 65 and 85 y owing to age dependence of many hazard ratios (HRs). Compared with nonvegetarians, vegetarians had lower risks of mortality, overall (HR: 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83, 0.95; HR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.04), from renal failure (HR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.70; HR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.76), infectious disease (HR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.82; HR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.70, 1.17), diabetes (HR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.33, 0.78; HR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.53, 0.88), select cardiac (HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.65, 0.87; HR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.95), and ischemic heart disease causes (HR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.59, 0.90; HR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.75,0.94). Vegans, lacto-ovovegetarians, and pescovegetarians were also observed to have lower risks of total mortality and several similar cause-specific mortalities. However, higher cause-specified neurologic mortalities were observed among older vegetarians (estimated at age 85 y), specifically stroke (HR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.33), dementia (HR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.27), and Parkinson's disease (HR: 1.37; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.91). Results in Black subjects for vegetarian/nonvegetarian comparisons largely followed the same trends, but HRs were less precise owing to smaller numbers.
conclusionsVegetarian diets are associated with lower risk for all-cause and many cause-specific mortalities, especially among males and in younger subjects. However, higher risks are observed among older vegetarians for stroke and dementia. These results need further support and investigation.
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