Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39110217›Full record

ArticlePsychopharmacology2025

Isobutyryl-carfentanyl has strong acute toxicity and analgesic effects with high addiction potential.

Deli Xu, Lixin Kuai, Yuanyuan Chen, Xianbin Zeng, Dan Wang, Bin Di, Peng Xu

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Psychopharmacology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Antinociceptive Effect and Hyperalgesia of Fentanyl and Its Analogues.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Deli XuSchool of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
Lixin KuaiSchool of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
Yuanyuan ChenSchool of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
Xianbin ZengSchool of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
Dan WangOffice of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Beijing, 100193, China.
Bin DiSchool of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China. dibin@cpu.edu.cn.
Peng XuOffice of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Beijing, 100193, China. dongwufang123@163.com.

Funding

Key Programme 82130056
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

rationaleIsobutyryl-carfentanyl is the most recently discovered fentanyl analogue with a chemical structure that is similar to that of carfentanyl. Its analogue, carfentanyl, is regarded as one of the most lethal drugs in the world, with a potency of 10,000 times that of morphine. Therefore, isobutyryl-carfentanyl may possess a comparably high potency and its harmful effects cannot be ignored.

objectivesThis study was designed to assess the analgesic effect of isobutyryl-carfentanyl and the potential risks associated with its misuse.

methodsIn this study, we assessed the acute toxicity of isobutyryl-carfentanyl by up-and-down-procedure, the analgesic efficacy by hot-plate test, the abuse potential by conditioned place preference (CPP), drug self-administration, and drug discrimination tests, and compared it with fentanyl and carfentanyl.

resultsThe estimated median lethal dose (LD

conclusionsIn summary, isobutyryl-carfentanyl has high acute toxicity and analgesic effect, with strong psychological dependence approximately 5 times that of fentanyl and 0.5 times that of carfentanyl, and has extremely high abuse potency.

Indexed as

Analgesics, OpioidFentanylOpioid-Related DisordersAnimalsDose-Response Relationship, DrugLethal Dose 50MaleMicePainPain MeasurementRatsSelf AdministrationAnalgesics, OpioidcarfentanilFentanylAnalgesiaCarfentanylConditioned place preferenceDrug discriminationFentanylIsobutyryl-carfentanylSelf-administration

Identifiers

PMID39110217

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.