ReviewFrontiers in immunology2024
IL-2 based cancer immunotherapies: an evolving paradigm.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Heating the Cold: Overcoming Immunotherapy Resistance in Microsatellite-Stable Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of moxibustion therapies on immune function in cancer animal models: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Identification of conserved immune-related adverse event risk factors and clinical outcomes in a pan-immunotherapy data mart.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- Regulatory T cell induction strategies and applications in the treatment of immune and non-immune diseases.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Cancer Immunotherapy: Therapeutic Limitations and Next-Generation Precision Strategies.Immune network · 2026Review
- Review
- Homomultimeric FAP Inhibitor-Based Radioligands for Cancer Theranostics: Design Principles, Structure-Function Relationships, and Preclinical Performance.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Immunotherapy resistance in colorectal cancer: therapeutic strategies and biomarker-guided approaches.Cancer cell international · 2026Review
- Exploring CAR cell therapies beyond CAR-T for myeloid malignancies.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Review
- Capicua mediates interleukin-2 withdrawal-induced death of activated CD8Cell insight · 2026Article
- Targeting cytokine/chemokine signaling to convert immunologically cold tumors into hot: Emerging strategies in cancer immunotherapy.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy for Solid Tumors.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Molecular dynamics simulations along with the synthesis of innovative engineered nanobodies targeting Interleukin-2.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Cytotoxic CD4Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- From Immunobiology to Clinical Application: Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Melanoma.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Advances in Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinases: Implications for Renal Cell Carcinoma Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics.Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Enhancing cancer classification accuracy with a self-attention network using panel capture sequencing data.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Antigen-IL-2 CAR-enhancer drives CAR-T fate and stemness, enhancing antitumor efficacy across models independent of IL-2Rα.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Cergutuzumab Amunaleukin in Combination with Atezolizumab in Patients with Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Positive Advanced/Metastatic Solid Tumors.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Discovered over 4 decades ago in the supernatants of activated T cells, interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a potent pleiotropic cytokine involved in the regulation of immune responses. It is required for effector T cell expansion and differentiation as well as for peripheral tolerance induced by regulatory T cells. High-dose IL-2 treatment was the first FDA-approved immunotherapy for renal cell carcinoma and melanoma, achieving single agent complete and durable responses, albeit only in a small proportion of patients. The therapeutic potential of wild type IL-2 is clinically limited by its short half-life and severe vascular toxicity. Moreover, the activation of regulatory T cells and the terminal differentiation of effector T cells on IL-2 pose additional restrictions. To overcome the toxicity of IL-2 in order to realize its full potential for patients, several novel engineering strategies are being developed and IL-2 based immunotherapy for cancer has emerged as a burgeoning field of clinical and experimental research. In addition, combination of IL-2 with PD-1/L1 pathway blockade shows vastly improved anti-tumor efficacy over either monotherapy in preclinical tumor models. In this review we discuss the biological characteristics of IL-2 and its receptors, as well as its efficacy and treatment limiting toxicities in cancer patients. We also explore the efforts aimed at developing novel and safer IL-2 therapies to harness the full therapeutic potential of this cytokine.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.