Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39136296›Full record

ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2024

Educational disparities in brain health and dementia across Latin America and the United States.

Raul Gonzalez-Gomez, Agustina Legaz, Sebastián Moguilner, Josephine Cruzat, Hernán Hernández, Sandra Baez, Rafael Cocchi, Carlos Coronel-Olivero, Vicente Medel, Enzo Tagliazuchi and 30 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
45citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

45 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Reply to "Shifting the emphasis of brain health literacy from individuals to systems to reduce inequalities".Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Metabolic, demographic, and behavioral risk factors predict brain structural variability in the general population: an analysis of the human connectome project young adults.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Neural embedding of frailty in cognitively unimpaired aging and dementia across Latin America.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Article
  10. Article
  11. The landscape of dementia research, diagnosis, treatment, and care in Latin America.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Review
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Social disadvantage outweighs knowledge in dementia risk.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

40 authors.

Raul Gonzalez-GomezLatin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile.ORCID 0000-0003-2341-011X
Agustina LegazLatin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile.
Sebastián MoguilnerLatin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile.
Josephine CruzatLatin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile.
Hernán HernándezLatin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile.
Sandra BaezGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Rafael CocchiLatin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile.
Carlos Coronel-OliveroLatin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile.
Vicente MedelLatin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile.
Enzo TagliazuchiLatin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile.
Joaquín MigeotLatin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile.
Carolina Ochoa-RosalesLatin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile.
Marcelo Adrián MaitoCognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Pablo ReyesInstituto de Envejecimiento, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
Hernando Santamaria GarciaInstituto de Envejecimiento, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
Maria E GodoyLatin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile.
Shireen JavandelGlobal Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Adolfo M GarcíaCognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Diana L MatallanaInstituto de Envejecimiento, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
José Alberto Avila-FunesDirección de Enseñanza, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, D.C., México.
Andrea SlachevskyGeroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile.
María I BehrensFaculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Nilton CustodioUnit Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Prevention, Peruvian Institute of Neurosciences, Lima, Peru.
Juan F CardonaFacultad de Psicología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
Ignacio L BruscoDepartamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Martín A BrunoInstituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Católica de Cuyo, San Juan, Argentina.
Ana L Sosa OrtizInstituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, D.C., México.
Stefanie D Pina-EscuderoGlobal Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Leonel T TakadaUniversidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Elisa de Paula França ResendeGlobal Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Victor ValcourGlobal Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Katherine L PossinGlobal Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Maira Okada de OliveiraGlobal Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Francisco LoperaNeurosicence Research Group (GNA), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.
Brian LawlorGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Kun HuDepartment of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Bruce MillerGlobal Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Jennifer S YokoyamaGlobal Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Cecilia Gonzalez CampoCognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Agustin IbañezLatin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile.ORCID 0000-0001-6758-5101

Funding

TDP-43 Loss-of-Function: Biology to BiomarkersP01AG019724 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI MARIA LUISA GORNO TEMPINI · 2002 to 2026
$67.2M
Research Education ComponentP30AG062422 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Katherine P Rankin · 2019 to 2026
$36.9M
An automated machine learning approach to language changes in Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia across Latino and English-speaking populationsR01AG075775 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI MARIA LUISA GORNO TEMPINI, Adolfo Martin Garcia · 2023 to 2026
$7.2M
US-South American Initiative for Genetic-Neural-Behavioral Interactions in Human Neurodegenerative ResearchR01AG057234 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Claudia Duran-Aniotz, Agustin M. Ibanez · 2019 to 2026
$6.1M
Integrative Motor Activity Biomarker for the Risk of Alzheimer's RiskRF1AG064312 · NIA · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI HU, KUN · 2019 to 2019
$3.6M
Circadian Disturbance and Dementia in Latin AmericaR01AG083799 · NIA · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI Kun Hu, Agustin M. Ibanez · 2023 to 2026
$3.0M
Fractal motor activity regulation and the risk for Alzheimers disease in middle-to-old aged adultsRF1AG059867 · NIA · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI HU, KUN · 2018 to 2018
$2.7M
Genetic and environmental risk factors in mestizos and indigenous populations of Peru: the role of Native component in Alzheimer's diseaseR56AG069118 · NIA · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI TOSTO, GIUSEPPE · 2020 to 2020
$1.1M
Better memory with literacy acquisition later in life: a randomized controlled trialR21AG069252 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI GRINBERG, LEA TENENHOLZ, RESENDE, ELISA · 2020 to 2021
$325k
Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)Multi-Partner Consortium to Expand Dementia Research in Latin AmericaNeuroimaging in Frontotemporal Dementia (NIFD)NIA NIH HHS P01 AG019724NIA NIH HHS P30 AG062422NIA NIH HHS R01 AG075775NIA NIH HHS R01 AG083799NIA NIH HHS R21 AG069252NIA NIH HHS R56 AG069118NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG059867NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG064312
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEducation influences brain health and dementia. However, its impact across regions, specifically Latin America (LA) and the United States (US), is unknown.

methodsA total of 1412 participants comprising controls, patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) from LA and the US were included. We studied the association of education with brain volume and functional connectivity while controlling for imaging quality and variability, age, sex, total intracranial volume (TIV), and recording type.

resultsEducation influenced brain measures, explaining 24%-98% of the geographical differences. The educational disparities between LA and the US were associated with gray matter volume and connectivity variations, especially in LA and AD patients. Education emerged as a critical factor in classifying aging and dementia across regions. DISCUSSION: The results underscore the impact of education on brain structure and function in LA, highlighting the importance of incorporating educational factors into diagnosing, care, and prevention, and emphasizing the need for global diversity in research. HIGHLIGHTS: Lower education was linked to reduced brain volume and connectivity in healthy controls (HCs), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Latin American cohorts have lower educational levels compared to the those in the United States. Educational disparities majorly drive brain health differences between regions. Educational differences were significant in both conditions, but more in AD than FTLD. Education stands as a critical factor in classifying aging and dementia across regions.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseBrainEducational StatusMagnetic Resonance ImagingAgedDementiaFemaleFrontotemporal Lobar DegenerationHumansLatin AmericaMaleMiddle AgedUnited Statesdementiaeducational disparitieshealthy agingLatin Americamagnetic resonance imagingUnited States

Identifiers

PMID39136296
PMCPMC11497666

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.