Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39140891›Full record

ArticleDiabetes care2024

Empowering Hospitalized Patients With Diabetes: Implementation of a Hospital-wide CGM Policy With EHR-Integrated Validation for Dosing Insulin.

Ming Yeh Lee, Susan M Seav, Loice Ongwela, Julie J Lee, Rachel Aubyrn, Fang Y Cao, Anna Kalinsky, Olivia Aparicio Ramos, Yunzi Gu, Kailee Kingston and 7 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Diabetes care, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
11citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

11 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Trial
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Observational
  6. Inpatient Diet Orders and Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Noncritically Ill, Hospitalized Adult Patients.Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists · 2026
    Observational
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Continuous Glucose Monitoring-Guided Insulin Infusion in Critically Ill Patients Promotes Safety, Improves Time Efficiency, and Enhances Provider Satisfaction.Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists · 2025
    Article
  10. Observational
  11. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Ming Yeh LeeDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.ORCID 0000-0001-8681-9073
Susan M SeavDivision of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
Loice OngwelaDivision of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
Julie J LeeDepartment of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
Rachel AubyrnDepartment of Inpatient Systems and Services, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, CA.
Fang Y CaoDepartment of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
Anna KalinskyDepartment of Inpatient Systems and Services, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, CA.
Olivia Aparicio RamosDepartment of Inpatient Systems and Services, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, CA.
Yunzi GuDivision of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
Kailee KingstonDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
Maja IvanovicDepartment of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
Bruce A BuckinghamDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
Dimpi DesaiDivision of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
Rayhan A LalDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.ORCID 0000-0002-8055-944X
Marilyn TanDivision of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
Marina BasinaDivision of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
Michael S HughesDivision of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.ORCID 0000-0002-3729-0350

Funding

Stanford Islet Research CoreP30DK116074 · NIDDK · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Holden T. Maecker · 2017 to 2026
$19.5M
Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Training GrantT32DK007217 · NIDDK · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Justin Pierce Annes, David Matthew Maahs · 1987 to 2026
$7.2M
Training Research Leaders in Type 1 DiabetesK12DK122550 · NIDDK · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI MAAHS, DAVID MATTHEW · 2019 to 2023
$2.1M
The Optimal Pathway to Implanted Autonomous Insulin DeliveryK23DK122017 · NIDDK · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI LAL, RAYHAN · 2020 to 2024
$958k
In-hospital use of Automated Insulin Delivery (AID): Current state and future potentialK23DK138267 · NIDDK · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Michael Samuel Hughes · 2024 to 2026
$549k
Juvenile Diabetes Research FoundationNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)National Institutes of Health (NIH) T32DK007217NIDDK NIH HHS 1K23DK122017NIDDK NIH HHS K12 DK122550NIDDK NIH HHS K23 DK122017NIDDK NIH HHS K23 DK138267NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK116074NIDDK NIH HHS T32 DK007217Stanford Maternal and Child Health Research Institute
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveWe aimed to assess the feasibility, clinical accuracy, and acceptance of a hospital-wide continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) policy with electronic health record (EHR)-integrated validation for insulin dosing. RESEARCH DESIGN AND

methodsA hospital policy was developed and implemented at Stanford Health Care for using personal CGMs in lieu of fingerstick blood glucose (FSBG) monitoring. It included requirements specific to each CGM, accuracy monitoring protocols, and EHR integration. User experience surveys were conducted among a subset of patients and nurses.

resultsFrom November 2022 to August 2023, 135 patients used the CGM protocol in 185 inpatient encounters. This group included 27% with type 1 diabetes and 24% with automated insulin delivery systems. The most-used CGMs were Dexcom G6 (44%) and FreeStyle Libre 2 (43%). Of 1,506 CGM validation attempts, 87.8% met the 20% or 20 mg/dL (%20/20) criterion for CGM-based insulin dosing and 99.3% fell within Clarke zones A or B. User experience surveys were completed by 27 nurses and 46 patients. Most nurses found glucose management under the protocol effective (74%), easy to use (67%), and efficient (63%); 80% of nurses preferred inpatient CGM to FSBG. Most patients liked the CGM protocol (63%), reported positive CGM interactions with nursing staff (63%), and felt no significant interruptions to their diabetes management (63%).

conclusionsImplementation of a hospital-wide inpatient CGM policy supporting multiple CGM types with real-time accuracy monitoring and integration into the EHR is feasible. Initial feedback from nurses and patients was favorable, and further investigation toward broader use and sustainability is needed.

Indexed as

Blood Glucose Self-MonitoringElectronic Health RecordsInsulinAdultAgedBlood GlucoseDiabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1FemaleHospitalsHumansHypoglycemic AgentsMaleMiddle AgedBlood GlucoseHypoglycemic AgentsInsulin

Identifiers

PMID39140891
PMCPMC11417271

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.