Evidence mapPaperPMID 39155282Full record

ReviewDiabetologia2025

Glycaemic control is still central in the hierarchy of priorities in type 2 diabetes management.

Kamlesh Khunti, Francesco Zaccardi, Aslam Amod, Vanita R Aroda, Pablo Aschner, Stephen Colagiuri, Viswanathan Mohan, Juliana C N Chan

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Diabetologia, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
26citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

26 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
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  5. Trial
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Fixed-Dose Combination Therapy as a Strategy to Improve Antidiabetic Medication Adherence in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2026
    Review
  9. Article
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  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Type 2 diabetes mellitus.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026
    Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Kamlesh KhuntiDiabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. kk22@leicester.ac.uk.ORCID 0000-0003-2343-7099
Francesco ZaccardiDiabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. fz43@leicester.ac.uk.ORCID 0000-0002-2636-6487
Aslam AmodDepartment of Endocrinology, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine and Life Chatsmed Garden Hospital, Durban, South Africa.
Vanita R ArodaDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7706-4585
Pablo AschnerEndocrinology Unit, Javeriana University and San Ignacio University Hospital, Bogotá, Colombia.ORCID 0000-0002-6860-3620
Stephen ColagiuriBoden Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-2398-4781
Viswanathan MohanDepartment of Diabetology, Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre and Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India.ORCID 0000-0001-5038-6210
Juliana C N ChanDepartment of Medicine and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.ORCID 0000-0003-1325-1194

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A panel of primary care and diabetes specialists conducted focused literature searches on the current role of glycaemic control in the management of type 2 diabetes and revisited the evolution of evidence supporting the importance of early and intensive blood glucose control as a central strategy to reduce the risk of adverse long-term outcomes. The optimal approach to type 2 diabetes management has evolved over time as the evidence base has expanded from data from trials that established the role of optimising glycaemic control to recent data from cardiovascular outcomes trials (CVOTs) demonstrating organ-protective effects of newer glucose-lowering drugs (GLDs). The results from these CVOTs were derived mainly from people with type 2 diabetes and prior cardiovascular and kidney disease or multiple risk factors. In more recent years, earlier diagnosis in high-risk individuals has contributed to the large proportion of people with type 2 diabetes who do not have complications. In these individuals, a legacy effect of early and optimal control of blood glucose and cardiometabolic risk factors has been proven to reduce cardiovascular and kidney disease events and all-cause mortality. As there is a lack of RCTs investigating the potential synergistic effects of intensive glucose control and organ-protective effects of newer GLDs, this article re-evaluates the evolution of the scientific evidence and highlights the importance of integrating glycaemic control as a pivotal early therapeutic goal in most people with type 2 diabetes, while targeting existing cardiovascular and kidney disease. We also emphasise the importance of implementing multifactorial management using a multidisciplinary approach to facilitate regular review, patient empowerment and the possibility of tailoring interventions to account for the heterogeneity of type 2 diabetes.

Indexed as

Blood GlucoseCardiovascular DiseasesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Glycemic ControlHypoglycemic AgentsHumansRisk FactorsBlood GlucoseHypoglycemic AgentsCardiovascular outcomesGlycaemic controlHbA1cLegacy effectOrgan protectionTreatment paradigmType 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID39155282
PMCPMC11663178

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.