Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39160334›Full record

ReviewNature metabolism2024

GLP-1 physiology in obesity and development of incretin-based drugs for chronic weight management.

Jens Juul Holst

Registry-linked trialAbstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Nature metabolism, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07736729 (Effect of Continuous Wearable Biometric Monitoring on Weight Loss and Metabolic Outcomes in Adults Undergoing Obesity Treatment), which is not on this map. Cited by 56 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
56citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07736729 nanot yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Effect of Continuous Wearable Biometric Monitoring on Weight Loss and Metabolic Outcomes in Adults Undergoing Obesity Treatment: A Sensor-Mediated Adaptive Randomized Controlled Trial in Bariatric and Metabolic Intervention (SMART-BMI)

TypeinterventionalSponsorJeff ReevesRan2026 to 2031Enrolled260ConditionsObesityArmsBiometric-informed care, Control Arm: Standard Care
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

56 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Effect of pasteurizedGut microbes · 2026
    Trial
  4. Trial
  5. Trial
  6. The critical role of gut-brain signalling in eating behaviour and obesity.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026
    Review
  7. Altered GScience advances · 2026
    Article
  8. Tanycytes: bloodhounds of the metabolic brain.Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM · 2026
    Review
  9. Review
  10. LEAP2 as a therapeutic target in obesity and cardiometabolic disorders.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026
    Review
  11. Observational
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Review
  18. Gut microbe-derivedProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author.

Jens Juul HolstNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. jjholst@sund.ku.dk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6853-3805

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The introduction of the highly potent incretin receptor agonists semaglutide and tirzepatide has marked a new era in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. With normalisation of glycated haemoglobin levels and weight losses around 15-25%, therapeutic goals that were previously unrealistic are now within reach, and clinical trials have documented that these effects are associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular events and premature mortality. Here, I review this remarkable development from the earliest observations of glucose lowering and modest weight losses with native glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and short acting compounds, to the recent development of highly active formulations and new molecules. I will classify these agents as GLP-1-based therapies in the understanding that these compounds or combinations may have actions on other receptors as well. The physiology of GLP-1 is discussed as well as its mechanisms of actions in obesity, in particular, the role of sensory afferents and GLP-1 receptors in the brain. I provide details regarding the development of GLP-1 receptor agonists for anti-obesity therapy and discuss the possible mechanism behind their beneficial effects on adverse cardiovascular events. Finally, I highlight new pharmacological developments, including oral agents, and discuss important questions regarding maintenance therapy.

Indexed as

Glucagon-Like Peptide 1IncretinsObesityAnimalsAnti-Obesity AgentsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 ReceptorGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsHumansAnti-Obesity AgentsGlucagon-Like Peptide 1Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 ReceptorGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsIncretins

Identifiers

PMID39160334

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.