The dual role of ribosomal protein SA in pathogen infection: the key role of structure and localization.

Ribosomal protein SA (RPSA) plays multiple roles in cells, including ribosomal biogenesis and translation, cellular migration, and cytoskeleton reorganization. RPSA is crucial in the process of pathogen infection. Extensive research has examined RPSA's role in pathogen adhesion and invasion, but its broader functions, particularly its anti-infective capabilities, have garnered increasing attention in recent years. This dual role is closely related to its structural domains, which influence its localization and function. This review summarizes key research findings concerning the functional domains of RPSA and analyzes the relationship between its membrane localization and structural domains. Additionally, the functional implications of RPSA are categorized based on its different localizations during pathogen infection. Specifically, when RPSA is located on the cell surface, it promotes pathogen adhesion and invasion of host cells; conversely, when RPSA is located intracellularly, it exhibits anti-infective properties. Overall, RPSA shows a dual nature, both in facilitating pathogen invasion of the host and in possessing the ability to resist pathogen infection. This review comprehensively examines the dual role of RPSA in pathogen infection by analyzing its structural domains, localization, and interactions with cellular and pathogen molecules. Our aim is to update and deepen researchers' understanding of the various functions of RPSA during pathogen infection.