ArticleScience advances2024
Cerebrospinal fluid flow extends to peripheral nerves further unifying the nervous system.
Article in Science advances, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed.
- Central nervous system lymphatic network: from the maintenance of brain homeostasis to emerging therapeutic perspectives in neurodegenerative diseases.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Migraine and auditory dysfunction: beyond comorbidity.Journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Safety, efficacy, and distal nerve Schwann cell biodistribution in mice and NHPs to support translation of AAV9 RNAi therapy for CMT1A.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Injecting nerves with radiological contrast as a novel method of studying the peripheral nervous system.Journal of anatomy · 2026Article
- Photoacoustic computed tomography monitors cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and glymphatic function.Nature communications · 2026Article
- New Insights into Drug Development via the Nose-to-Brain Pathway: Exemplification Through Dodecyl Creatine Ester for Neuronal Disorders.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Neurofilament light chain as a marker of peripheral nerve damage in vasculitic neuropathy? A cross-compartmental correlation analysis in patients undergoing nerve biopsy.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Variability in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid: causes and clinical implications for intraventricular drug delivery.Frontiers in drug delivery · 2026Review
- Peripheral nervous system involvement accompanies central nervous system involvement in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The integrity of perivascular spaces is absolutely essential for proper function of the glymphatic system waste and excess water removal from the brain.Histology and histopathology · 2025Review
- Resolving inflammation: The impact of antiretroviral therapy on macrophage traffic in and out of the CNS.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- SPIONActa neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- Neurodegeneration as Ecosystem Failure: A New Paradigm for Prevention and Treatment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Nanoparticle-Mediated Nose-to-Brain Delivery for Ischemic Stroke Therapy: Preclinical Insights.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Ultrasmall inorganic nanoparticles repair damaged meningeal lymphatic vessels to boost Parkinson's disease therapy.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Cerebrospinal fluid draining lymphatics in health and disease: advances and controversies.Nature cardiovascular research · 2025Review
- Immune control of brain physiology.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Altered brain fluid dynamics in spontaneous intracranial hypotension.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Observational
- Perineural immune environment of olfactory nerves is reshaped by neuroinflammatory drainage and connects to ethmoid bone marrow.Science advances · 2025Article
- Role of CSF flow and meningeal barriers in the development of inflammatory lesions at the CNS-PNS transition zone of cranial nerves in autoimmune demyelinating diseases.Acta neuropathologica · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is responsible for maintaining brain homeostasis through nutrient delivery and waste removal for the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we demonstrate extensive CSF flow throughout the peripheral nervous system (PNS) by tracing distribution of multimodal 1.9-nanometer gold nanoparticles, roughly the size of CSF circulating proteins, infused within the lateral cerebral ventricle (a primary site of CSF production). CSF-infused 1.9-nanometer gold transitions from CNS to PNS at root attachment/transition zones and distributes through the perineurium and endoneurium, with ultimate delivery to axoplasm of distal peripheral nerves. Larger 15-nanometer gold fails to transit from CNS to PNS and instead forms "dye-cuffs," as predicted by current dogma of CSF restriction within CNS, identifying size limitations in central to peripheral flow. Intravenous 1.9-nanometer gold is unable to cross the blood-brain/nerve barrier. Our findings suggest that CSF plays a consistent role in maintaining homeostasis throughout the nervous system with implications for CNS and PNS therapy and neural drug delivery.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.