Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39233120›Full record

Observational studyThe Journal of pediatrics2025

A Clinical Tool to Relate Youth Risk Factors to Adult Cardiovascular Events and Type 2 Diabetes: The International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort Consortium.

Jessica Haley, Jessica G Woo, David R Jacobs, Lydia Bazzano, Stephen Daniels, Terry Dwyer, Markus Juonala, Olli Raitakari, Alan Sinaiko, Julia Steinberger and 3 more

Erratum issuedAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in The Journal of pediatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Jessica HaleyRady Children's Hospital, Pediatric Cardiology, San Diego, CA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA. Electronic address: Jhaley1@rchsd.org.
Jessica G WooDivision of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.
David R JacobsDivision of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
Lydia BazzanoDepartment of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA.
Stephen DanielsDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Children's Hospital Colorado, Pediatric Cardiology, Aurora, CO.
Terry DwyerThe Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Heart Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
Markus JuonalaDepartment of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
Olli RaitakariResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku, Turku Finland; Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
Alan SinaikoDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN.
Julia SteinbergerDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN.
Alison VennMenzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
Kara M WhitakerDepartment of Health and Human Physiology and Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
Elaine M UrbinaDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH; The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.

Funding

NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL121230
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo translate data relating childhood cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and adult CV disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to clinically actionable values. STUDY

designThis was a prospective observational study (n = 38 589) in the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort Consortium. Children at age 3 through 19 years were enrolled in the 1970s and 1980s and followed for more than 30 years. Five childhood CV risk factors (smoking, body mass index [BMI], systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and total cholesterol) were related to adult CV events. Secondary analyses in a subset included low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, and insulin level. Age- and sex-specific z scores were calculated for each risk factor, and a combined-risk z score was calculated by averaging z scores for the 5 key CV risk factors. Risk factor z scores were back-transformed to natural units for clinical interpretation, with hazard ratios for adult CV events presented in color-coded tables (green: no increased risk; orange: 1.4 to <2.0-fold increased risk; red: at least doubling of risk). Risk levels for development of adult T2DM on the basis of BMI, glucose, and insulin were similarly calculated and presented.

resultsIncreased risk for CV events was observed at levels lower than currently defined abnormal clinical thresholds except for TC. Doubling of risk was observed at high normal levels just below the clinical cut point for abnormality. Risk for adult T2DM began at levels of BMI and glucose currently considered normal.

conclusionsOn the basis of data showing significant relationships between childhood CV risk factors and adult CV events and T2DM, this study shows that risk in childhood begins below levels currently considered normal.

Indexed as

Cardiovascular DiseasesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2AdolescentAdultBody Mass IndexChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHeart Disease Risk FactorsHumansMaleProspective StudiesRisk FactorsYoung Adultcardiovascular diseasediabetespediatricpreventionpreventive cardiology

Identifiers

PMID39233120
PMCPMC12360424

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.