Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39257183›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2025

Diabetes and Uterine Fibroid Diagnosis in Midlife: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN).

Susanna D Mitro, L Elaine Waetjen, Catherine Lee, Lauren A Wise, Eve Zaritsky, Siobán D Harlow, Samar R El Khoudary, Nanette Santoro, Daniel H Solomon, Rebecca C Thurston and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Prevalence and associated risk factors of uterine fibroids in the Kingdom of Eswatini.South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Susanna D MitroDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3202-1941
L Elaine WaetjenDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
Catherine LeeDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0008-9052
Lauren A WiseDepartment of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
Eve ZaritskyDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA 94611, USA.
Siobán D HarlowDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Samar R El KhoudaryDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
Nanette SantoroDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9096-7490
Daniel H SolomonBrigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Rebecca C ThurstonDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
Monique M HeddersonDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA.

Funding

The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN): The Impact of Midlife and the Menopause Transition on Health and Functioning in Early Old AgeU19AG063720 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI Maria Mori Brooks · 2024 to 2024
$21.9M
SWAN REPOSITORYU01AG017719 · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · 2000 to 2005
$9.9M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--PITTSBURGHU01AG012546 · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · 1994 to 2005
$8.4M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--COORDINATING CENTERU01AG012553 · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · 1994 to 2005
$7.8M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--ENDOCRINE LABU01AG012495 · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · 1994 to 2005
$7.4M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--UCDAVISU01AG012554 · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS · 1994 to 2005
$4.5M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--UCLAU01AG012539 · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · 1994 to 2005
$4.5M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--CHICAGOU01AG012505 · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · 1994 to 2005
$4.4M
Women's Health Across the Nation-New Jersey SiteU01AG012535 · UNIV OF MED/DENT OF NJ-NJ MEDICAL SCHOOL · 1994 to 2005
$4.0M
THE STUDY OF WOMEN'S HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION-MICHIGANU01NR004061 · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · 1994 to 2005
$4.0M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HU01AG012531 · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · 1994 to 2005
$3.3M
University of California, San Francisco/Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women’s Health (BIRCWH) K12 ProgramK12AR084219 · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · 2025 to 2025
$909k
DHHSNCATS NIH HHSNIAMS NIH HHS K12 AR084219NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012495NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012505NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012531NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012535NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012539NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012546NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012553NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012554NIA NIH HHS U01 AG017719NIA NIH HHS U19 AG063720NIH HHSNIH Office of Research on Women's Health U01AG012495NIH Office of Research on Women's Health U01AG012505NIH Office of Research on Women's Health U01AG012531NIH Office of Research on Women's Health U01AG012535NIH Office of Research on Women's Health U01AG012539NIH Office of Research on Women's Health U01AG012546NIH Office of Research on Women's Health U01AG012553NIH Office of Research on Women's Health U01AG012554NIH Office of Research on Women's Health U01AG017719NIH Office of Research on Women's Health U01NR004061NIH Office of Research on Women's Health U19AG063720NINR NIH HHS U01 NR004061
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

contextFibroids are noncancerous uterine tumors potentially associated with cardiovascular risk factors.

objectiveWe aimed to examine prospectively associations of glucose, insulin, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and diabetes with incidence of fibroid diagnoses in midlife.

methodsParticipants in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) cohort (n = 2570) reported fibroid diagnoses at enrollment (1996-1997) and 13 follow-up visits (1996-2013). At all visits, we measured glucose, insulin, and SHBG in fasting blood samples and calculated homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Diabetes was defined using glucose levels, self-reported diabetes, or diabetes medication use. We used discrete-time survival models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CI for associations of time-varying biomarkers and diabetes with incident fibroid diagnoses, adjusted for demographics and health care utilization. We also evaluated effect modification by menopausal status.

resultsAt baseline, 2.7% of participants (n = 70) were using diabetes medication. Time-varying glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and SHBG were not associated with fibroid diagnosis. However, diabetes was associated with a 28% lower incidence of fibroid diagnosis (adjusted HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.44, 1.17), driven by participants using metformin (adjusted HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.21, 1.12), though precision was limited. After stratification by menopausal status, higher HOMA-IR and insulin were associated with greater incidence of fibroid diagnosis during premenopause but not perimenopause, while the inverse association between diabetes and fibroids was strongest during perimenopause.

conclusionThe effect of diabetes and biomarkers on fibroids may vary by menopausal status. Fibroid risk may increase with insulin resistance and decrease with diabetes treatment.

Indexed as

Diabetes MellitusLeiomyomaUterine NeoplasmsAdultBiomarkersBlood GlucoseFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansIncidenceInsulinInsulin ResistanceMenopauseMiddle AgedProspective StudiesSex Hormone-Binding GlobulinBiomarkersBlood GlucoseInsulinSex Hormone-Binding Globulindiabetesinsulinmenopausemetforminuterine leiomyoma

Identifiers

PMID39257183
PMCPMC12086384

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.