Evidence mapPaperPMID 39257191Full record

ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2025

Defining Continuous Glucose Monitor Time in Range in a Large, Community-Based Cohort Without Diabetes.

Nicole L Spartano, Naznin Sultana, Honghuang Lin, Huimin Cheng, Sophia Lu, David Fei, Joanne M Murabito, Maura E Walker, Howard A Wolpert, Devin W Steenkamp

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
13citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

13 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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  3. Review
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  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Summarizing data from continuous glucose monitors using the cgmstats package.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026
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  8. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Nicole L SpartanoBoston University's and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0724-8629
Naznin SultanaDepartment of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH), Boston, MA 02118, USA.
Honghuang LinDepartment of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
Huimin ChengDepartment of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH), Boston, MA 02118, USA.
Sophia LuDepartment of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH), Boston, MA 02118, USA.
David FeiBoston University's and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA.
Joanne M MurabitoBoston University's and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA.
Maura E WalkerBoston University's and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA.
Howard A WolpertSection of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (BUCASM) and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
Devin W SteenkampSection of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine (BUCASM) and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.

Funding

Continuous glucose monitoring: determinants and prediction of diabetes mellitus development in the Framingham Heart StudyR01DK129305 · NIDDK · BOSTON UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CAMPUS · 2022 to 2025
$1.3M
DexcomFHS's National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute N01-HC25195NHLBI NIH HHS 75N92019D00031NIA NIH HHS U01 AG068221NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK129305NIDDK NIH HHS R01DK129305
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

contextContinuous glucose monitor (CGM) companies are beginning to market these sensors to populations without diabetes, but the range of CGM values clinicians should expect to see for this population is unclear because there have been no large studies reporting these ranges.

objectiveThis work aimed to report the physiological range of CGM time in range values observed across glycemic status, including individuals without diabetes, to serve as a reference for clinicians.

methodsThe Framingham Heart Study, a prospective cohort study, was conducted among community-dwelling adults with normoglycemia (n = 560), prediabetes (n = 463), and diabetes (n = 152). We conducted a cross-sectional investigation in participants who wore a Dexcom G6 Pro CGM (in blinded mode) for 7 or more complete days. Main outcome measures included CGM metrics including mean glucose and time spent in glucose ranges.

resultsNormoglycemic participants (mean age 58.5 years, 64.5% women, 93.3% non-Hispanic White) spent 87.0% time in the 70 to 140 mg/dL CGM range, and, on average, more than 15 minutes/day (1.2% time) at more than 180 mg/dL. Furthermore, normoglycemic participants spent approximately 3 hours/day (12.1% time) with CGM glucose at more than 140 mg/dL. On average, participants with prediabetes and diabetes spent 77.1% and 46.2% of time in the 70 to 140 mg/dL range, respectively.

conclusionOur results contribute to the understanding of the physiological CGM range in more than 1000 participants without diabetes. These results are also important for clinicians to reference as CGM sensors become more widely accessible to people without known diabetes.

Indexed as

Blood GlucoseBlood Glucose Self-MonitoringDiabetes MellitusPrediabetic StateAdultAgedCohort StudiesCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedProspective StudiesReference ValuesTime FactorsBlood Glucosecontinuous glucose monitoringepidemiologyglycemic traitsprediabetestechnology and diabetes

Identifiers

PMID39257191
PMCPMC11913108

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.