Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39311207›Full record

ReviewInfectious disease reports2024

Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Complications in People Living with HIV: A Focused Review.

Michele Salvatore Paternò Raddusa, Andrea Marino, Benedetto Maurizio Celesia, Serena Spampinato, Carmen Giarratana, Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo, Bruno Cacopardo, Giuseppe Nunnari

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Infectious disease reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
15citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. HIV update for the non-HIV specialist and general physician.Clinical medicine (London, England) · 2026
    Review
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Critical Care Pharmacology of Antiretroviral Therapy in Adults.European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics · 2025
    Review
  12. The Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Electrocardiographic Parameters in Human Immundeficiency Virus-Positive Patients.Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc · 2025
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Observational
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Michele Salvatore Paternò RaddusaDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy.ORCID 0009-0003-2452-4407
Andrea MarinoDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, ARNAS Garibaldi Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-5650-6911
Benedetto Maurizio CelesiaDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, ARNAS Garibaldi Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-6919-1955
Serena SpampinatoDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy.
Carmen GiarratanaDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy.
Emmanuele Venanzi RulloDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy.
Bruno CacopardoDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, ARNAS Garibaldi Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
Giuseppe NunnariDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, ARNAS Garibaldi Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-8113-8452

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The intersection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a significant area of concern; advancements in antiretroviral therapy (ART) have notably extended the life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLWH), concurrently elevating the prevalence of chronic conditions such as CVD. This paper explores the multifaceted relationship between HIV infection, ART, and cardiovascular health, focusing on the mechanisms by which HIV and ART contribute to increased cardiovascular risk, including the promotion of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, immune activation, and metabolic disturbances. We highlight the critical roles of HIV-associated proteins-Tat, Nef, and gp120-in accelerating atherosclerosis through direct and indirect pathways that exacerbate endothelial damage and inflammation. Additionally, we address the persistent challenge of chronic inflammation and immune activation in PLWH, factors that are strongly predictive of non-AIDS-related diseases, including CVD, even in the context of effective viral suppression. The impact of ART on cardiovascular risk is examined, with particular attention to the metabolic implications of specific ART regimens, which can influence lipid profiles and body composition, thereby modifying CVD risk. The therapeutic potential of statins, aspirin, and emerging treatments such as PCSK9 inhibitors in mitigating cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among PLWH is discussed, alongside considerations for their use in conjunction with ART. Our review underscores the necessity for a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to cardiovascular care in PLWH, which integrates vigilant cardiovascular risk assessment and management with HIV treatment. As we navigate the evolving landscape of HIV care, the goal remains to optimize treatment outcomes while minimizing cardiovascular risk, ensuring that the gains in longevity afforded by ART translate into improved overall health and quality of life for PLWH.

Indexed as

AIDSHIVHIV and cardiovascular diseasesHIV comorbiditiesnon-AIDS-related comorbidities

Identifiers

PMID39311207
PMCPMC11417834

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.