Computational Biology in the Discovery of Biomarkers in the Diagnosis, Treatment and Management of Cardiovascular Diseases.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with a disproportionately high burden in low- and middle-income countries. Biomarkers play a crucial role in the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases by providing valuable insights into the normal and abnormal conditions of the heart and vascular system. The biomarkers derived from the cells and tissues can be identified and quantified in the blood and other body fluids and in tissues. Changes in their expression level under a pathological condition provide clinical information on the underlying pathophysiology that could have predictive, diagnostic, and prognostic value in the treatment of a disease process, and therefore incorporated in clinical guidelines. This enhances the effectiveness of biomarkers in risk stratification and therapeutic decisions in personalized medicine and improvement in patient outcomes. Biomarkers could be protein, carbohydrate, or genome-based and may also be derived from lipids and nucleic acids. Computational biology has emerged as a powerful discipline in biomarker discovery, leveraging computational techniques to identify and validate biological markers for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and drug response prediction. The convergence of advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence, multi-omics profiling, liquid biopsies, and imaging, has led to a significant shift in the discovery and development of biomarkers, enabling the integration of data from multiple biological scales and providing a more comprehensive understanding of the complex signaling and transcriptional networks underlying disease pathogenesis. In this article, we reviewed the role of computational biology integrated with genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, together with machine learning techniques and predictive modeling and data integration in the discovery of biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases. We discussed specific biomarkers, including epigenetic, metabolic, and emerging biomarkers, such as extracellular vesicles, miRNAs, and circular RNAs, and their role in the pathophysiology of the heart and vascular diseases.