ArticleJAMA network open2024
Risk and Protective Factors for Preterm Birth Among Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Groups in California.
Article in JAMA network open, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic review of genetic association studies on the susceptibility of preterm birth in Asia.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2025Pooled it
- Impact of maternal health on neonatal and long-term kidney outcomes.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- Uptake of prenatal syphilis screening and its determinants in Ontario, Canada: a population-based retrospective cohort study.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2026Article
- Trends in US Preterm Birth Rates by Household Income and Race and Ethnicity.JAMA network open · 2026Observational
- Assessing Racial/Ethnic Variation and Trends in Vaginal Birth after Cesarean in California: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using Linked Birth Certificate and Hospital Discharge Records.American journal of perinatology · 2026Article
- Effect of gestational age on special education: a population-based matched cohort analysis.Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic Risk Factors for Extreme Preterm Birth in Hawai'i.Hawai'i journal of health & social welfare · 2025Article
- Machine Learning Models for the Prediction of Preterm Birth at Mid-Gestation Using Individual Characteristics and Biophysical Markers: A Cohort Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Longitudinal effects of gestational age on academic performance in children born preterm.Early human development · 2025Article
- Healthcare professional classification of "poor glucose control" and perinatal outcomes in pregnancies with diabetes: a retrospective cohort study.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2025Article
- Machine learning-based prediction of preterm birth risk using methylation changes in neonatal cord blood CpG sites.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Epidemiological characteristics and trends based on a joinpoint regression model of preterm birth with congenital heart disease in Changsha City, China, from 2011 to 2023.Translational pediatrics · 2025Article
- Preterm Birth Inequity-A Call for a Societal Movement.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Private Well Water Safety: Practical Counseling Strategies for Primary Care.Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFMReview
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
28 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Importance: Preterm birth (PTB) (gestational age <37 weeks) is a major cause of infant mortality and morbidity in the US and is marked by racial and ethnic and socioeconomic inequities. Further research is needed to elucidate the association of risk and protective factors with trends in PTB rates and with related inequities. Objective: To describe the association of PTB rates with inequities as well as related risk and protective factors over the past decade in a US population-based cohort. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study of singleton live births in California from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2022, was conducted using vital statistics records and hospital records. The cohort included births with a gestational age of 22 to 44 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures: Preterm birth rates by racial and ethnic group and by public and nonpublic insurance (considered as a proxy for socioeconomic status) were studied across years. Log-linear regression (relative risks with 95% CIs) was used to evaluate risk and protective factors within groups. Associations of PTB rates with risk and protective factors were assessed. Results: This study included 5 431 018 singleton live births to individuals who identified as American Indian or Alaska Native (0.3%), Asian (14.2%), Black (4.9%), Hispanic (47.8%), or White (27.0%). A total of 43.1% of births were to individuals with public health insurance. From 2011 to 2022, the overall PTB rate increased from 6.8% to 7.5% (change [SE], 10.6% [0.6%]; z score of 18.5; P < .001). Differences in PTB rates and associated changes were observed for racial and ethnic groups and insurance groups. For example, 2022 PTB rates ranged from 5.8% among White individuals with nonpublic insurance to 11.3% among Black individuals with public health insurance. From 2011 to 2022, PTB rates decreased from 9.1% to 8.8% (change [SE], -3.5% [4.2]; z score of -0.8; P = .42) among Black individuals with nonpublic insurance, whereas they increased from 6.4% to 9.5% (change [SE], 49.8% [16.0%]; z score of 3.1; P = .002) among American Indian or Alaska Native individuals with nonpublic insurance. Increases in some risk factors (eg, preexisting diabetes, sexually transmitted infections, mental health conditions) were observed in most groups, and decreases in some protective factors (eg, participation in the California Women, Infants, and Children program) (P for trend < .001 from 2011 to 2021) were observed mostly in low-income groups. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of singleton live births in California, PTB rates increased in many groups. Persistent racial and ethnic and socioeconomic inequities were also observed. Changes in risk and protective factors provided clues to patterns of PTB. These data point to an urgent need to address factors associated with PTB at both the individual and population levels.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.