Observational studyJournal of physiological anthropology2024
Association of brown adipose tissue activity with circulating sex hormones and fibroblast growth factor 21 in the follicular and luteal phases in young women.
Observational study in Journal of physiological anthropology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Single intake of matcha increases brown adipose tissue activity in young women with low thermogenesis.Physiological reports · 2026Trial
- Thermogenic adipose tissue in older adults with obesity: a narrative review of mechanisms, brown fat resistance, and the translational relevance of exercise and nutrition.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Hormones, heat, and health: a comprehensive review of sex-based differences in brown and beige fat biology.Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- Age: A Moderating Effect on Cerebrospinal Fluid Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Cognitive Function.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Medial preoptic area FoxO1 controls metabolic adaptation in a sexually dimorphic manner.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundThermogenesis is influenced by fluctuations in sex hormones during the menstrual cycle in premenopausal women. The thermogenic activity and mass of brown adipose tissue (BAT) are regulated by endocrine factors, including sex hormones and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). However, the relationship between human BAT and these endocrine fluctuations within individuals remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to assess variations in BAT activity between the luteal and follicular phases and identify correlations with circulating levels of sex hormones and FGF21.
methodsHealthy young women were enrolled in an observational study. Measurement of BAT activity and blood analyses were performed in both the follicular and luteal phases. BAT activity was analyzed using thermography with 2-h cold exposure. Plasma 17β-estradiol, progesterone, and FGF21 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A comparative analysis within individuals was conducted in 13 women to compare the follicular and luteal phases. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis was carried out in 21 women during the follicular phase only.
resultsPlasma 17β-estradiol and progesterone levels were significantly higher in the luteal phase, whereas plasma FGF21 level was significantly higher in the follicular phase. Comparison analysis found no significant differences in cold-induced BAT activity between the follicular and luteal phases in young women. Correlation analysis in both comparison and sensitivity analyses found that plasma 17β-estradiol and progesterone levels were not associated with BAT activity, whereas plasma FGF21 levels were significantly and positively correlated with BAT activity only in the follicular phase. In addition, plasma 17β-estradiol levels in the follicular phase were significantly and positively associated with plasma FGF21 levels in both the comparison and sensitivity analyses.
conclusionsThe thermogenic activity of BAT during cold exposure was comparable between the follicular and luteal phases in young women. Higher BAT activity was associated with elevated levels of plasma FGF21 only in the follicular phase, which is related to increased plasma 17β-estradiol levels.
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