Evidence mapPaperPMID 39370572Full record

ReviewEuropean journal of clinical investigation2025

Hypercholesterolemia and inflammation-Cooperative cardiovascular risk factors.

Antonio Gallo, Wilfried Le Goff, Raul D Santos, Isabella Fichtner, Stefano Carugo, Alberto Corsini, Cesare Sirtori, Massimiliano Ruscica

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in European journal of clinical investigation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
14citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

14 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. New frontiers in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia: oral inhibition of PCSK9.European heart journal supplements : journal of the European Society of Cardiology · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Review
  11. Review
  12. Review
  13. Review
  14. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Antonio GalloLipidology and Cardiovascular Prevention Unit, Department of Nutrition, APHP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpètriêre, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR1166, Paris, France.
Wilfried Le GoffLipidology and Cardiovascular Prevention Unit, Department of Nutrition, APHP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpètriêre, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR1166, Paris, France.
Raul D SantosAcademic Research Organization Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein and Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Isabella FichtnerDepartment of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
Stefano CarugoDepartment of Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Diseases, Foundation IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
Alberto CorsiniDepartment of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
Cesare SirtoriDepartment of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
Massimiliano RuscicaDepartment of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0195-7061

Funding

Italian Ministry of University and Research 2022ZPS49LItalian Ministry of University and Research 2022ZW3M8H
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMaintaining low concentrations of plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) over time decreases the number of LDL particles trapped within the artery wall, slows the progression of atherosclerosis and delays the age at which mature atherosclerotic plaques develop. This substantially reduces the lifetime risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events. In this context, plaque development and vulnerability result not only from lipid accumulation but also from inflammation.

resultsChanges in the composition of immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, mast cells and neutrophils, along with altered cytokine and chemokine release, disrupt the equilibrium between inflammation and anti-inflammatory mechanisms at plaque sites. Considering that it is not a competition between LDLc and inflammation, but instead that they are partners in crime, the present narrative review aims to give an overview of the main inflammatory molecular pathways linked to raised LDLc concentrations and to describe the impact of lipid-lowering approaches on the inflammatory and lipid burden. Although remarkable changes in LDLc are driven by the most recent lipid lowering combinations, the relative reduction in plasma C-reactive protein appears to be independent of the magnitude of LDLc lowering.

conclusionIdentifying clinical biomarkers of inflammation (e.g. interleukin-6) and possible targets for therapy holds promise for monitoring and reducing the ASCVD burden in suitable patients.

Indexed as

AtherosclerosisCholesterol, LDLHeart Disease Risk FactorsHypercholesterolemiaInflammationBiomarkersC-Reactive ProteinHumansHydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase InhibitorsInterleukin-6Plaque, AtheroscleroticRisk FactorsBiomarkersCholesterol, LDLC-Reactive ProteinHydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase InhibitorsInterleukin-6atherosclerosisinflammasomeinflammation

Identifiers

PMID39370572
PMCPMC11628670

What Socratic holds

Texttitle and abstract
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.