ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2025
Eggs, Dietary Choline, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Framingham Heart Study.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Lifespan approaches for the prevention and management of steatotic liver disease.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- Dietary Strategies in the Prevention of MASLD: A Comprehensive Review of Dietary Patterns Against Fatty Liver.Metabolites · 2025Review
- Choline in immunity: a key regulator of immune cell activation and function.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEggs are rich in bioactive compounds, including choline and carotenoids that may benefit cardiometabolic outcomes. However, little is known about their relationship with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
objectivesWe investigated the association between intakes of eggs and selected egg-rich nutrients (choline, lutein, and zeaxanthin) and NAFLD risk and changes in liver fat over ∼6 y of follow-up in the Framingham Offspring and Third Generation cohorts.
methodsOn 2 separate occasions (2002-2005 and 2008-2011), liver fat was assessed using a computed tomography scan to estimate the average liver fat attenuation relative to a control phantom to create the liver phantom ratio (LPR). In 2008-2011, cases of incident NAFLD were identified as an LPR ≤0.33 in the absence of heavy alcohol use, after excluding prevalent NAFLD (LPR ≤0.33) in 2002-2005. Food frequency questionnaires were used to estimate egg intakes (classified as <1, 1, and ≥2 per week), dietary choline (adjusted for body weight using the residual method), and the combined intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin. Multivariable modified Poisson regression and general linear models were used to compute incident risk ratios (RR) of NAFLD and adjusted mean annualized liver fat change.
resultsNAFLD cumulative incidence was 19% among a total of 1414 participants. We observed no associations between egg intake or the combined intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin with an incident NAFLD risk or liver fat change. Other diet and cardiometabolic risk factors did not modify the association between egg intake and NAFLD risk. However, dietary choline intakes were inversely associated with NAFLD risk (RR for tertile 3 compared with tertile 1: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.94).
conclusionsAlthough egg intake was not directly associated with NAFLD risk, eggs are a major source of dietary choline, which was strongly inversely associated with NAFLD risk in this community-based cohort.
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